Bayesian Inference in Spatial Sample Selection Models

In this study, we consider Bayesian methods for the estimation of a sample selection model with spatially correlated disturbance terms. We design a set of Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms based on the method of data augmentation. The natural parameterization for the covariance structure of our model involves an unidentified parameter that complicates posterior analysis. The unidentified parameter – the variance of the disturbance term in the selection equation – is handled in different ways in these algorithms to achieve identification for other parameters. The Bayesian estimator based on these algorithms can account for the selection bias and the full covariance structure implied by the spatial correlation. We illustrate the implementation of these algorithms through a simulation study and an empirical application.     

通货膨胀预期与Granger因果性研究

本文研究认为,现有关于中国粮价和通货膨胀关系的研究,存在对Granger因果检验的误解及建模技术运用不足的问题。通过导入政府的行为,运用误差修正模型分析新中国成立后中国粮食价格指数和通货膨胀之间的长期关系,本文证实在政府对粮食市场干预的过程中,存在对城市消费者和农村粮食生产者之间的利益权衡,导致粮食价格和通货膨胀间的长期均衡,同时它们之间存在双向的因果关系。     

Testing for Granger Causality in Moments

In this paper, we consider a generalized approach which is flexibly applicable to testing Granger causality in various moments and in both the full‐sample and out‐of‐sample contexts. We further use this approach to establish a class of cross‐correlation tests for financial time series analysis, and show the advantages of this class of tests in unifying and generalizing Box–Pierce‐type Granger causality tests. We also conduct a Monte Carlo simulation to show the validity of our tests, and provide an empirical example to demonstrate the flexibility of our tests in exploring various types of Granger causality.     

Specification Testing of Markov Switching Models*

This paper proposes a set of formal tests to address the goodness‐of‐fit of Markov switching models. These formal tests are constructed as tests of model consistency and of both parametric and non‐parametric encompassing. The formal tests are then combined with informal tests using simulation in combination with non‐parametric density and conditional mean estimation. The informal tests are shown to be useful in shedding light on the failure (or success) of the encompassing tests. Several examples are provided.     

Markov区制转换模型在行业CAPM分析中的应用

整体经济环境的变化导致了股票收益和风险的时变性,从而使得行业板块系统风险β系数也表现出时变特征。本文以沪深股市中的24个行业板块为研究对象,运用Markov区制转换方法客观划分股市高、低波动状态,建立了一个二状态Markov区制转换CAPM模型,对我国股市行业β系数的动态进行了实证分析。结果表明,就大多数行业而言,在高、低两种波动状态下CAPM模型均得以成立,且Markov区制转换CAPM模型显著优于传统的CAPM模型。     

Markov区制转移模型与我国通货膨胀波动路径的动态特征

本文应用Markov区制转移模型，对我国1984年以来通货膨胀率的动态路径进行了模拟分析。估计和检验发现了我国通货膨胀路径中不仅存在高通胀区制和低通胀区制，也存在经济政策机制与通货膨胀率区制之间的相关性。通过与传统的自回归模型相比较，Markov区制转移模型考虑了通货膨胀率的内生转移机制，从而更好地拟合和刻画了通货膨胀率的数据生成过程。     

Inflation Volatility with Regime Switching

This paper presents a new approach to model U.S. inflation dynamics by allowing regime switching in an unobserved components stochastic volatility framework. We use a modified particle filter to construct likelihood and estimate the model using MLE. The number of regimes is determined based on a bootstrap. We find that a model with three regimes and regime‐dependent constant volatilities has superior performance. In addition, we show that since 2000:II, U.S. inflation has entered a regime with moderate volatility where most of the volatility comes from transitory shocks.     

基于贝叶斯结构突变的随机系数动态面板模型研究

针对目前随机系数动态面板模型中存在内生变量初始值固定、个体自回归系数平稳以及不存在结构突变的种种限制,本文提出用分层贝叶斯方法首次检测和估计了含未知结构突变的随机系数动态面板模型。容许初始值与个体相关,自回归系数服从logitnormal分布保证平稳性,得到了未知结构突变和随机系数的后验密度估计。对1995年到2012年中国五省市出口总值月度数据进行实证分析,检测出四个结构突变,分析突变前后的情况表明出口总值存在三大特征：呈现稳定增长态势,但省市间差距逐渐扩大;重大的外部需求冲击对出口有显著影响;出口总值的结构突变有明显的季节特征.     

齐次及非齐次马氏域变模型在股价泡沫检验中的应用

本文建立非齐次马氏域变模型检验股市价格泡沫,并结合对1996年1月至2010年6月间我国股市价格泡沫程度的实证度量,与齐次马氏域变模型的检验效果进行比较。两模型都能在一定程度上反映我国股票市场价格在各时间段的不同泡沫水平,但非齐次马氏域变模型所得到有泡沫概率和无泡沫概率区分度更高,比齐次马氏域变模型能更加精确的区分各时点上的泡沫水平。实证结果也表明,近期我国应对金融危机的超宽松经济政策对资本市场的刺激作用较为直接,而对实体经济的作用相对滞后,股市泡沫水平再度上升。     

Granger因果关系检验应用中的若干问题

分析了实践中应用Granger因果关系检验存在的一些问题,如信息遗漏,变量变换改变因果关系的性质、变量单整性对检验程序的影响以及检验模型的选择等,并提出在线性投影上有初步证据的因果概念。进而,应用单整变量之间Granger因果关系的一般检验程序对1978~2013年我国货币供给量与价格水平、产出之间的Granger因果性重新进行检验。     

Testing Granger Causality in the presence of threshold effects

This paper proposes a Granger Causality test allowing for threshold effects. The proposed test can be conducted on the basis of the threshold autoregressive distributed lag model or the augmented logistic smooth transition autoregressive model. The proposed test is applied to the U.S. civilian unemployment rate, and it is shown that real investment, real GDP and real interest rate are helpful for improving the in-sample fit of unemployment.     

基于状态转移模型的我国股指期货走势预测方法

文章应用马尔科夫状态转移模型,假定股指期货收益服从正态分布,将中国内地股指期货品种IF1103收益分为三个状态,发现80%的收益都很平稳,波动不大,且持续时间长,少数收益波动很大,持续时间很短,这与实际基本符合。     

Centres and Peripheries in Finland: Granger Causality Tests Using Panel Data

Abstract

Despite their importance from a policy point of view, empirical studies on the effects of growth centres in their regions are rare. This paper analyses mutual relationships between growth processes in centres and their surrounding hinterlands in 19 Finnish regions. Annual population data from the period 1970–2004 are used. A novel testing procedure based on an extension of the Granger causality definition in a panel data context is applied. Heterogeneity between regions is allowed. Both the homogeneous non-causality hypothesis and the homogeneous causality hypothesis are rejected. Causal processes prove to be heterogeneous. Causality from centres to peripheries is found for nine regions and causality from peripheries to centres for twelve regions. Rapidly growing and large centres, in particular, have negative effects on their hinterlands.

Centres et banlieues en Finlande: tests de causalité de Granger faisant usage de données de panel

RÉSUMÉ?En dépit de leur importance sur le plan de la politique, les études empiriques sur les effets des centres d'expansion dans leurs régions sont rares. La présente communication analyse, dans dix-neuf régions de la Finlande, les rapports réciproques entre procédés d'expansion dans les centres et leur arrière-pays environnant. Pour ceci, on utilise des données sur la population annuelle remontant à la période 1970–2004. On applique une nouvelle technique de test basée sur une extension de la définition de Granger dans le contexte de données de panel. L'hétérogénéité entre les régions est admise. Tant l'hypothèse de la non causalité homogène que celle de la causalité homogène sont rejetées. Les techniques causales s'avèrent être hétérogènes. On relève une causalité des centres aux banlieues dans neuf régions, et des banlieues aux centres ville dans douze régions. Notamment, les centres ville de grande taille et en pleine expansion ont un effet négatif sur leur arrière-pays.

Centros y periferias en Finlandia: Ensayos de causalidad de Granger utilizando datos de panel

RÉSUMÉN?A pesar de su importancia desde un punto de vista de políticas, los estudios empíricos sobre los efectos de los centros de crecimiento en sus regiones son escasos. Este trabajo analiza las relaciones mutuas entre los procesos de crecimiento en los centros y sus interiores vecinos, en diecinueve regiones finlandesas. Se utilizan datos anuales de población entre el período de 1970–2004. Se aplica un nuevo procedimiento de ensayo basado en una extensión de la definición de causalidad de Granger dentro de un contexto de datos de panel. Se tiene en cuenta la heterogeneidad entre regiones. Se rechazan tanto la hipótesis de no causalidad homogénea como la hipótesis de causalidad homogénea. Los procesos causales demuestran ser heterogéneos. Causalidad de centros a periferias se encuentra en nueve regiones, y causalidad de periferias a centros en doce regiones. Los centros grandes y de rápido crecimiento, en particular, tienen efectos negativos sobre sus interiores.

     

A Markov Switching Factor‐Augmented VAR Model for Analyzing US Business Cycles and Monetary Policy

This paper develops a Markov switching factor‐augmented vector autoregression to investigate the transmission mechanisms of monetary policy for distinct stages of the US business cycle. We assume that autoregressive parameters and covariance matrices of the error terms are regime dependent, driven by an unobserved Markov indicator. Endogenously determined transition probabilities are governed by an underlying probit model that features a large set of possible predictors. The empirical findings provide evidence for differences in the transmission of monetary policy shocks that mainly stem from heterogeneity in the responses of financial market quantities.     

Interconnections Between Eurozone and US Booms and Busts Using a Bayesian Panel Markov‐Switching VAR Model

The proposed panel Markov‐switching VAR model accommodates changes in low and high data frequencies and incorporates endogenous time‐varying transition matrices of country‐specific Markov chains, allowing for interconnections. An efficient multi‐move sampling algorithm draws time‐varying Markov‐switching chains. Using industrial production growth and credit spread data, several important data features are obtained. Three regimes appear, with slow growth becoming persistent in the eurozone. Turning point analysis indicates the USA leading the eurozone cycle. Amplification effects influence recession probabilities for Eurozone countries. A credit shock results in temporary negative industrial production growth in Germany, Spain and the USA. Core and peripheral countries exist in the eurozone. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

我国货币供给增长率与国内产出增长率之间的影响关系检验 --来自MS-VECM模型的新证据

本文使用具有马尔可夫区制转移的向量误差修正模型，描述和估计了我国国内产出和货币供给的区制状态、转移概率和区制相关性，刻画了货币与产出之间的长期均衡关系和短期波动模式。检验结果表明，我国国内产出水平与货币供给水平之间存在长期均衡关系，它们的增长率序列具有显著的三区制状态，不同产出和货币变量的区制之间具有一定的对应关系。货币供给增长率与产出增长率之间的影响关系依赖经济周期的阶段性，这说明经济周期波动和货币政策作用机制均具有一定程度的非对称性。     

基于MF-VAR的混频数据非线性格兰杰因果关系检验

研究目标：提出一种针对混频数据非线性格兰杰因果关系检验的方法。研究方法：在混频向量自回归模型（MFVAR）的基础上提出构造Wald统计量,通过模拟实验和实证研究考察统计量的性质。研究发现：模拟实验结果表明该检验相对于其他混频检验和低频检验具有更优的性质,并且对检验式误设具有稳健性。进一步针对中国经济增长与消费者信心因果关系的实证研究证明,混频检验与低频检验得出的结论有很大差异,混频检验得出的结论更符合经济理论。研究创新：利用自助法修正统计量在有限样本下产生的水平扭曲,利用典型相关分析实现了数据降维。研究价值：在检验不同频率变量之间的非线性格兰杰因果关系时避免了信息损失和虚增。     

Inference on impulse response functions in structural VAR models

Skepticism toward traditional identifying assumptions based on exclusion restrictions has led to a surge in the use of structural VAR models in which structural shocks are identified by restricting the sign of the responses of selected macroeconomic aggregates to these shocks. Researchers commonly report the vector of pointwise posterior medians of the impulse responses as a measure of central tendency of the estimated response functions, along with pointwise 68% posterior error bands. It can be shown that this approach cannot be used to characterize the central tendency of the structural impulse response functions. We propose an alternative method of summarizing the evidence from sign-identified VAR models designed to enhance their practical usefulness. Our objective is to characterize the most likely admissible model(s) within the set of structural VAR models that satisfy the sign restrictions. We show how the set of most likely structural response functions can be computed from the posterior mode of the joint distribution of admissible models both in the fully identified and in the partially identified case, and we propose a highest-posterior density credible set that characterizes the joint uncertainty about this set. Our approach can also be used to resolve the long-standing problem of how to conduct joint inference on sets of structural impulse response functions in exactly identified VAR models. We illustrate the differences between our approach and the traditional approach for the analysis of the effects of monetary policy shocks and of the effects of oil demand and oil supply shocks.