浅谈企业集团经营单位规模度的测量

企业规模，顾名思义，就是企业的大小。企业规模的选择与企业参与市场竞争无疑具有相关关系，这在经济学界和企业界都取得了广泛共识。企业规模问题本来属于产业经济学的范畴，与规模经济、适度竞争和产业组织结构合理化有关。任何行业或者产业都有最适度的规模，在此规模下企业的利润率最高，低于或者超过这个规模均会造成企业的内部成本大于外部成本，形成规模不经济，引起企业利润率下降。     

我国轿车工业的产业组织分析

本文以产业组织理论中哈佛学派的SCP范式为基本分析框架，考察我国轿车工业的产业组织状况，认为其市场结构是基于政府规制的寡占型结构，纵向一体化程度较高，市场行为体现为更多的合作性而非竞争性，但是，在入世后竞争有加剧的趋势，而相应的市场绩效为相对效率低下，技术进步和产品创新乏力，但是各寡头厂商仍可以维持较高的利润率，在此基础上，提出了一些产业组织政策建议。     

产业网络组织及其分类研究

产业网络是一种新型的组织协调方式,是产业组织理论的创新。本文在网络理论分析的基础上,从主体、行为、资源三个网络要素出发,构建了产业网络的组织分析框架。在此基础上．本文选取“嵌入式”、“浮游式”、“主导式”、“群居式”、“竞争式”、“合作式”、“紧密式”和“开放式”八个标准对产业网络进行分类。同时．本文还研究和探讨了产业网络分类体系的动态性问题．提出了“游离态”和“稳定态”的概念．并进一步分析了产业网络分类体系的动态转化路径。     

企业治理之租金视角研究--一个理论框架及其在高科技企业中的应用

本文从租金的角度对企业治理进行了研究,指出组织租金创造与分配是现代企业治理的重要内容,企业家精神在其中占据着关键地位。文章提出一个关于治理的一般性分析框架,在此框架下结合企业生命周期对高科技企业治理进行了动态研究,并对中国高科技企业治理进行了分析。     

中国企业的进入退出--1985-2000年汽车与电冰箱产业的案例研究

本文通过构建一个简单的模型来解释和度量企业的进入退出，并将该模型应用于1985—2000年期间中国两个重要产业——汽车制造业和电冰箱制造业的实证研究，目的在于阐明中国企业进入退出的真实原因，希望能对中国产业组织政策的制定贯彻有所启示。统计检验揭示了中国企业进入退出的某些真实特点，在此基础上得出了结论。     

行政垄断制度选择的一般分析框架——以我国电信业行政垄断制度的动态变迁为例

行政垄断是政府机构利用行政权力对竞争进行限制和排斥，会造成资源配置扭曲、社会福利损失、收入分配不均以及地方保护和区域市场分割等问题。但现实中行政垄断是客观并普遍存在的．在特定的经济环境中．行政垄断作为资源配置的一种手段发挥了市场调节无法实现的作用。本文借鉴新比较经济学的社会制度选择分析框架，建立了行政垄断制度选择的一般分析框架．并以此来重新思考行政垄断制度选择问题．最后应用该一般分析框架分析我国电信产业行政垄断制度的动态变迁过程。为我国行政垄断制度的改革提供一个一般分析框架和相应的理论指导乃本文目的之所在。     

对产业国际竞争力分析框架的理论研究

对产业国际竞争力的研究是近年来理论界研究的热点,但是对产业国际竞争力这一概念却没有一个标准的、统一的定义和分析框架。本文首先在借鉴国内外学者和研究机构的研究成果的基础上对国际竞争力概念进行界定,在此基础上给出了作者对产业国际竞争力的定义。在把产业国际竞争力的概念界定清楚的基础上,我们对比分析了迈克尔.波特和金碚等学者的产业国际竞争力分析框架,并提出了新的产业国际竞争力分析框架。     

中国男装产业市场结构与绩效研究

文章利用市场结构-绩效框架对我国男装产业进行深入分析,通过对近年来男装产业市场集中度、产品差异化、进入与退出壁垒、利润率和技术进步的相关数据的分析,得出了以下结论:现阶段我国男装市场竞争激烈,属于竞争型市场结构,产品同质化现象严重,进入与退出壁垒较小;男装市场利润高于服装行业平均水平,且近年来有上升趋势;研发费用相对较...     

规制定价机制的激励强度权衡与模型设计--以我国电信产业的规制定价总体模型设计为例

自然垄断产业中，由于规制机构与被规制企业之间存在着信息不对称。价格规制政策的实施效果受到制约，而制度背景和经济发展程度是设计一个适合国情的规制定价机制必须考虑的前提因素。本文分析了我国目前的制度特征如何影响我国自然垄断产业规制定价机制激励强度的权衡。在此基础上，尝试提出适合我国目前制度特征的电信产业规制定价总体模型——基于收益率规制并加入动态激励因素的规制定价模型．最后对未来的规制定价机制做出展望．     

企业的竞争优势来源及其战略选择

本文在综合产业分析理论与核心能力理论的基础上,提出了一个分析企业竞争优势来源的动态架构,即“产业景气-战略群组-核心能力”这样一个一般分析范式。同时刻画了企业所处的“竞争优势空间”,分析了在位企业和潜在进入者如何根据这一范式制定有效的竞争战略。     

Efficient versus Responsive Supply Chain Choice: An Empirical Examination of Influential Factors

Contemporary strategies in operations management suggest that successful firms align supply chain assets with product demand characteristics in order to exploit the profit potential of product lines fully. However, observation suggests that supply chain assets often are longer lived than product line decisions. This suggests that alignment between supply chain assets and demand characteristics is most likely to occur at the time of initial market entry. This article examines the association between product demand characteristics and the initial investment in a supply chain at the time of market entry. We characterize supply chains as responsive or efficient. A responsive supply chain is distinguished by short production lead‐times, low set‐up costs, and small batch sizes that allow the responsive firm to adapt quickly to market demand, but often at a higher unit cost. An efficient supply chain is distinguished by longer production lead‐times, high set‐up costs, and larger batch sizes that allow the efficient firm to produce at a low unit cost, but often at the expense of market responsiveness. We hypothesize that a firm's choice of responsive supply chain will be associated with lower industry growth rates, higher contribution margins, higher product variety, and higher demand or technological uncertainty. We further hypothesize that interactions among these variables either can reinforce or can temper the main effects. We report that lower industry growth rates are associated with responsive market entry, but this effect is offset if growth occurs during periods of high variety and high demand uncertainty. We report that higher contribution margins are associated with responsive market entry and that this effect is more pronounced when occurring with periods of high variety. Finally, we report that responsive market entry also is correlated positively with higher technological demand uncertainty. These results are found using data from the North American mountain bike industry.     

Bank regulation and market structure

In our model, banks, heterogeneous in terms of entry costs, compete à la Salop for depositors on the unit circle. When capital requirements, intended to prevent risk shifting, are increased, the resulting costs are passed on to depositors in the form of reduced deposit rates or quality of service. This may induce depositors to migrate to unregulated shadow banks, the consequence being a change in the market structure for regulated banks: for low levels of capital requirements we observe monopolistic competition, while for higher levels constrained oligopoly and, finally, local monopoly. Under the latter two types of market structure, higher capital requirements reduce the profit margins and franchise values of banks, which may have the unintended effect of inducing banks to increase the riskiness of their investments.     

欧美天然气管理体制与运营模式及其对我国的启示

欧洲各国天然气政策基本按欧盟指引来制定,重点之一是推进天然气市场化进程,推动管网独立与第三方准入机制的建立。欧洲天然气市场的上游价格完全放开,但对管道运输、储气和配气等环节,各国都进行了严格的价格和利润率监管。美国对天然气价格的管制经历了从不管制到控制井口价格再到完全放开三个发展阶段,灵活的天然气价格机制是保障天然气稳定供应的重要因素。目前中国仍处于天然气发展的初步阶段,大型一体化公司解体拆分模式不可照搬硬套,管网独立未到时机,国家能源供应安全保障应该放在发展的首要位置;欧美国家天然气产业组织结构和政府监管模式与各国历史、政治传统紧密相关,没有固定模式,中国应根据自身的资源特点、市场发展、国家政治体制以及经济文化传统等制定适合自身的天然气行业管理体制;随着中国天然气消费的快速增长和消费者价格承受能力的逐步增强,应适时建立天然气价格的市场形成机制。     

Opportunity costs and non‐scale free capabilities: profit maximization,corporate scope,and profit margins

The resource‐based view on firm diversification, subsequent to Penrose ( 1959 ), has focused primarily on the fungibility of resources across domains. We make a clear analytical distinction between scale free capabilities and those that are subject to opportunity costs and must be allocated to one use or another, thereby shifting the discourse back to Penrose's ( 1959 ) original argument regarding the stock of organizational capabilities. The existence of resources and capabilities that must be allocated across alternative uses implies that profit‐maximizing diversification decisions should be based upon the opportunity cost of their use in one domain or another. This opportunity cost logic provides a rational explanation for the divergence between total profits and profit margins. Firms make profit‐maximizing decisions to increase total profit via diversification when the industries in which they are currently competing become relatively mature. Due to the spreading of these capabilities across more segments, we may observe that firms' profit‐maximizing diversification actions lead to total profit growth but lower average returns. The model provides an alternative explanation for empirical observations regarding the diversification discount. The self‐selection effect noted in recent work in corporate finance may not be indicative of inferior capabilities of diversifying firms but of the limited opportunity contexts in which these firms are operating. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Incorporating Prior Information into A GMM Objective For Mixed Logit Demand Systems

Random parameters demand system estimates can generate upward sloping demands and imply margins outside of the theoretical bounds for profit maximization. If such violations are numerous enough, they can confound merger simulation exercises. Using Lerner indices for multiproduct firms playing static Bertrand games, we find that up to 35 per cent of implied margins for beer are outside the bounds. We characterize downward sloping demand and the theoretical bounds for profit maximization as prior information and extend the GMM objective function, incorporating inequality moments for product‐level own‐elasticities and brand level or product level Lerner indices. Very few violations remain when an inequality constrained estimator is used.     

Managing channel coordination in a multi-channel manufacturer-retailer supply chain

With the rapid development of e-commerce and the adoption of dual channels, increasingly manufacturers and retailers are implementing differentiated branding and profit sharing strategies in order to improve channel coordination and supply chain performance. In this study, we focus on the strategic roles played by differentiated branding and profit sharing in a multi-channel manufacturer-retailer supply chain. We use an analytical model to investigate this issue. Our results show that although differentiated branding effectively alleviates channel competition and conflict, it is general not sufficient to achieve full channel coordination, and an additional coordination mechanism is necessary. The additional coordination mechanism we consider is profit sharing, using the Nash bargaining model. Based on our results, we derive optimal market strategies and identify probable paths for future research.     

Why Do Firms Enter a New Product Market? A Two‐Dimensional Framework for Market Entry Motivation and Behavior

What are the energetic forces that induce established firms to enter new product markets? While most previous research has explained the economic profits expected from a new product market as firms' distinctive motivation for market entry, some recent studies also emphasize interfirm competition and benchmarking activities as another important factor that motivates firms' new market entry. To explain the established firms' diverse new product market entry behaviors, this study presents a two‐dimensional scheme of entry motivation in terms of the degrees of target market profit focus and competitor focus. The first dimension captures the economic motivation of firms' new market entry that ranges from focusing on the direct expected profits from the target market to considering more strategic/indirect benefit incentives. The second dimension captures the degree of firms' external motivation for entry affected by competitors that ranges from independent entry decisions to fully competitor‐oriented entry decisions. Using multiple‐industry survey data, the current study empirically verifies that these two entry motivation dimensions explain a great portion of actual firms' new product market entry behaviors and that they are independent of each other. Subsequently, this study validates that firms' operational size and their environmental factors like perceived technological uncertainty and competitive intensity upon new market entry affect the degrees of the two dimensions of firms' new product market entry motivation. More specifically, large firms less emphasize target‐market profits than small firms, and when perceived technological uncertainty is high, potential market entrants become less target market profit focused but more competitor focused. Under a highly competitive new market condition, firms focus on both target‐market profits and competitors. Based on the analysis of new market entry motivation dimensions, the current study proposes a new typology of established firms' market entry behaviors. The suggested typology represents the four different types of new product market entrants and examines specific characteristics and entry strategies for each type of potential entrants. This entry‐motivation framework should provide a deeper understanding of the backgrounds of entry behaviors and assist firms in developing appropriate entry strategies and in advantageously responding to rival firms' actions with regard to entry.     

On the Relationship between International Outsourcing and Price–Cost Margins in European Industries

This paper sets up a model, where multinationals compete in quantities and domestic firms form a competitive fringe. Within this framework, we analyse the relationship between market concentration, international outsourcing and the industry price-cost margin. The empirical results of a panel of 66 industries and the EU12 countries in the 1990s strongly confirm our theoretical hypotheses. Market concentration and international outsourcing are positively related to industry price–cost margins. In a thought experiment, we show that industry price–cost margins would have decreased by 0.4 percentage points more in the 1990s, if international outsourcing had not changed since 1990. In addition, international outsourcing accounts for a convergence in margins across industries in the last decade.     

产业集聚间分工和地区竞争优势——来自长三角微观数据的实证

产业集聚间分工是区域竞争优势的主要源泉。本文基于长三角地级市企业数据,在产业和空间两个层面上用E-G指数测算了长三角二位数产业的集聚程度、三位数产业集聚间的分工状态以及与此相关的区域溢出效应,从中揭示了产业集聚间分工对整合离散的产业集聚,形成长三角地区竞争优势的内在机理。研究结果显示,产业集聚间的分工通过三个步骤锁定地区竞争优势:①产业集聚内企业的跨区域发展使价值链在空间上的分布趋于离散化,进而导致次级产业集聚间分工的形成,并产生了产业间的溢出效应;②随着分工的深化和趋于稳定,地区专业化水平进一步获得提升;③在区域溢出效应的作用下,原有产业集聚被锁定在区域溢出效应明显的区域,形成广域的产业集聚。以上过程的累积循环形成了该地区的竞争优势。     

Sacrifice tests for predation in a dynamic pricing model: Ordover and Willig (1981) and Cabral and Riordan (1997) meet Ericson and Pakes (1995)

To detect the presence of predatory pricing, antitrust authorities and courts routinely ask whether a firm sacrifices current profit in exchange for the expectation of higher future profit following the exit of its rival. Because predatory pricing is an inherently dynamic phenomenon, we show in this paper how to construct sacrifice tests for predatory pricing in a modern industry-dynamics framework along the lines of Ericson and Pakes (1995). In particular, we adapt the definitions of predation due to Ordover and Willig (1981) and Cabral and Riordan (1997) to this setting and construct the corresponding sacrifice tests.