Occupation equity: A black and white portrait of women in the united states military

This study examines U.S. military occupation equity with a special focus on African-American women. The dependent variable was occupation category. A three-way interaction of race by gender by mental group was found, making untenable the contention that mental group solely predicts personnel assignment to occupation category. Women, and particularly African-American women, are underrepresented in the core, technical occupations and overrepresented in the nontechnical, support occupations examined in this study. The opposite is true for white men. Social and psychological factors are postulated regarding women’s disproportionate employment in traditionally female and lower status occupations.     

从香港医疗机制看内地

核心内容：在香港,看病很容易,费用也很低,根本不可能成为一个家庭的负担。香港医疗制度比较完善,同时拥有高度透明的投诉监督机制。     

United states and french competition in the world market

Conclusion The purpose of the study has been to examine whether the direction of international trade is governed by the doctrine of comparative cost. It is concluded that this doctrine does explain a significant percentage of the flow of trade between the two countries studied. There are additional factors, however, as listed in the introduction which also influence trade between nations.The inability to include non-labor costs such as material costs and selling costs in explaining the variations in the exports of France and the U.S., results from the paucity of data available in these areas in the national statistics of France. However, since the establishment of the O.E.C.D., additional data concerning industries have been made available in growing volume. Moreover, the O.E.C.D. has endeavored to harmonize the ways in which data from the European countries and the U.S. are collected. As comparable data become available, further research will be necessary to measure the importance of non-labor costs to total costs and their influence on export performance.A large section of the article has been adapted from the author's 1969 doctoral dissertation at the New School for Social Research.     

Beyond catastroika: Prospects for market transition in the commonwealth of independent states

Conclusion The analysis of Soviet economic potential has long been marred by unstated judgments about the merits of collective ownership, price controls, egalitarianism, and administrative-command planning, to say nothing of political advocacy and commercial self-interest. The present is no exception. By and large commentators want to believe that the CIS can be swiftly refashioned into some acceptable form of market socialism that suits its purposes and those of the developed West [Kovalev, 1991; Lipton and Sach, 1991; Ozherel'ev, 1991].Careful analysis of the behavioral properties of state-directed market socialism however reveals that this is highly improbable. Both the system Gorbachev built and and the one to which the present leadership aspires are fundamentally disordered [Gorbachev, 1984; Yavlinsky, 1991; Yeltsin 1991], and are apt to thwart all eclectic attempts at achieving a transition to a self-directed market. The impass is not insoluable, but the proliferation of hare-brained schemes that has characterized perestroika is not encouraging [Shatalin, 1990; Allison and Blackwill, 1991; Rosefielde 1991(c)].     

婴童用品：2万亿的大市场1

在内需疲软之时,你能想到一个年增长幅度高达15％左右,到2015年市场规模达到2万亿元的产业吗?这个行业就是婴童用品业. 在2012年年中召开的上海国际孕婴童展上,展馆已经由2011年的8个一下扩充到11个.     

Controversies on market failure in rewarding inventors

Conclusions A definite answer to the question of whether inventors are over-compensated cannot be attained within a model of an “ideal” market economy. Our analysis, however, yields informations about the conditions which determine an inventor's reward: When constant returns to scale are prevailing in the economy (models 2, 4), we can expect that compensations for inventions are effiecient or too small. Under decreasing returns (model 5), an inventor’s reward may be either too large or too small. But overcompensation — when it occurs — can never be larger than the sum of all producers’ surpulses (model 1). Thus, profits from inventions may be large, but not excessive.     

Against the odds: Health care in an informal settlement in Durban

In Durban, one of the fastest-growing cities in the world, the demands of accelerated urbanisation, particularly with regard to health care, are compounded by the legacy of apartheid planning. This has resulted in health service provision being fragmented along racial, administrative financial and spatial lines. While urbanisation offers the promise of improved opportunities and a better lifestyle, the newly urbanised poor generally find themselves living in conditions which are detrimental to their health. The majority of newly urbanised blacks are forced to live in informal settlements which lack basic amenities such as water and sanitation – living conditions which create a whole network of ill health. This article examines health conditions in Canaan, an informal settlement in Durban. The focus will be on nutrition, sanitation, health status and access to health care delivery. The study revealed that Canaan did not have piped sewerage or indoor water. The diets of residents were lacking in protein and their main source of food was carbohydrates. The most prevalent disease was tuberculosis (TB), sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), asthma and diarrhoea. All these diseases, apart from the STDs, are related to poor socio-economic conditions.     

Measuring price inflation in the physician sector of the health care market

Summary The purpose of this study was to indicate the need for the development of an adequate measure of the inflation in prices of medical care services. Although the CPI provides a medical care component, the index has a number of serious shortcomings. These shortcomings hinder its usefulness for policy purposes. The main thrust of this analysis was to suggest an alternative measure of prices of medical care services. This suggested hedonic approach will produce a more realistic measure of medical care prices for policy purposes.     

西方市场社会主义对完善我国市场经济体制的启示

本文从对收入分配原则、政府干预作用、公有制地位等三个方面,把我国社会主义市场经济与当代西方市场社会主义进行比较,从而分析出当代西方市场社会主义对我国建设市场经济体制的启示。     

Missed the starting gun! Wage compression and the rise of the Swedish model in the labour market

A central aspect of the Swedish model was the labour market, distinguished by an egalitarian wage structure and by the particular configuration of two institutions: a centralised wage bargaining that followed upon the Saltsjöbad Agreement in 1938 and the solidaristic wage policy implemented in 1956. The literature argues that these institutions produced an outstanding compression of the wage structure from the late 1960s onwards. In contrast, we argue that this narrow post–World War II focus overlooks the historical dimension of the wage structure. The evidence presented here shows that a compression of the wage structure occurred in the late 1930s and 1940s. Previous research attributes this early episode of compression to market factors. In public investigations and periodicals of the 1940s, however, contemporary observers reckoned that special agreements between SAF and LO during World War II caused wage convergence. These agreements anticipated the solidaristic wage policy of the 1950s. We subject the market-factor view to a statistical test and show its explanatory insufficiency. We thereby corroborate the contemporaries’ view and conclude that the coexistence of the centralised agreements, the solidaristic wage policy, and wage convergence configured the rise of the Swedish model during World War II.     

Cross product subsidization in the health insurance market with managed care: A model and issues

One theory of insurance markets suggests that entering insurers expect incumbent insurers to react to the entry of new products, offering a combination of products where, breaking even, one makes positive economic profits and the other makes a loss. This theory is extended to include moral hazard, in which the magnitude of the loss depends on insurance coverage, and a stylized model of managed care. With moral hazard, cross-subsidization is still predicted. In contrast to prior results, the coverage for the highest risk individuals will vary with the portion of high-risk individuals in the market. The inclusion of managed care as a signaling instrument does not disrupt cross-product subsidization. These theoretical predictions are discussed in light of the absence of empirical support to date and in light of other factors that might limit or enhance an insurer's ability to subsidize across products.     

制度变迁中的证券市场效率分析

制度的意义在于效率,不同的制度会＂产生＂不同的效率。新制度经济学强调制度对效率的重要性。制度变迁是制度的替代、转换与交易的过程,制度变革会导致效率的变化。中国证券市场的制度变迁中的缺陷导致了证券市场资源配置的低效率。     

Health and development: The Venda care group organisation

Health is one of the crucial problems confronting the development of Third World countries. Community‐based primary health care is the best instrument for mobilising community development.Development through health, however, can only be achieved if primary health care is implemented in a comprehensive approach in which a supportive environment and living conditions are as important as the provision of health care services. The Venda care group organisation, like other village health workers, is involved in primary health care and community development in the communities of the care groups. Such supportive community‐based organisations are able to alleviate health and development problems at the grass roots provided that programmes and activities are based on community participation, self‐reliance and the development of local decision‐making and leadership skills. The degree of success of the Venda care group organisation in achieving these objectives was investigated.     

Economic costs of tariffs and quotas on textile and apparel products imported into the united states : A survey of the literature and implications for policies

Zusammenfassung Die ?konomischen Kosten von Z?llen und Kontingenten der Einfuhr von Textilien und Bekleidung in die USA — Ein überblick über die Literatur und Folgerungen für die Wirtschaftspolitik. — Unter den gegenw?rtigen protektionistischen Bestrebungen repr?sentiert das Abkommen über den Handel mit Textilien, das sog. Multifaserabkommen (MFA), das Hauptbeispiel für den langfristigen Protektionismus und für die Verletzung der GATT-Prinzipien der Nichtdiskriminierung und der Kompensation. Das MFA sollte als eine Fortsetzung des langfristigen Baumwolltextilabkommens angesehen werden, welches seinerseits auf dem kurzfristigen Baumwolltextilabkommen basiert. In den vergangenen 25 Jahren erstreckten die USA die Beschr?nkungen, die ursprünglich nur für Baumwollprodukte aus Japan galten, zuerst auf alle wichtigen Lieferl?nder und dann auf alle Fasern, die uns Entwicklungsl?ndern stammen. Tats?chlich entfaltete das MFA ein Eigenleben und ist zu einem Muster protektionistischer Instrumente geworden. In Anbetracht dieser langen Geschichte der Protektion der Textilindustrie und des beachtlichen Gewichts, das dem MFA als Beispiel für eine “effektive” Handelsbeschr?nkung zukommt, hat dieser Aufsatz den Zweck, einen knappen überblick über die verschiedenen empirischen Sch?tzungen der Wohlfahrtskosten zu geben, die sich aus den Restriktionen des Handels mit Textilien und Bekleidung für die USA ergeben.

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Résumé Les co?ts économiques des tarifs douaniers et des quotas sur les produits de textiles et de l’habillement importés par les états-Unis: Un survol de la littérature. — Parmi les mesures actuelles protectionnistes, l’accord regardant le commerce international des textiles, ou plus communément, l’accord multifibres (AM), représente l’exemple essentiel d’une protection à long terme et d’une violation des principes de la non-discrimination et de la compensation du G.A.T.T. L’AM devrait être regardé comme l’extension de l’accord à long terme sur les textiles cotonniers (ALTTC) qui lui-même était l’extension de l’accord à court terme sur les textiles cotonniers. Pendant les 25 années passées les états-Unis étendaient ces restrictions sur le coton, premièrement appliquées seulement au produits japonais, à tous les exportateurs importants, finalement à tous les fibres exportés par les pays en voie de développement. En effet, l’AM menait sa vie propre et devenait le standard des instruments protectionnistes. En vue de cette longue histoire de protection dans l’industrie textile et de l’importance relative de l’AM comme exemple d’un mécanisme effectif des restrictions commerciales, le but de cet article est de donner d’une manière compacte un survol des différentes estimations empiriques des co?ts de bien-être pour les E.U. résultants des restrictions du commerce des textiles et de l’habillement.

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Resumen Costos económicos de tarifas y cuotas sobre productos textiles y del vestuario importados hacia los EEUU: un exámen de la literatura e inferencias para políticas. — En el entorno proteccionista actual, el acuerdo referente al comercio internacional de textiles, conocido comúnmente como Acuerdo Multifibra (MFA), représenta el principal ejemplo de protección de largo plazo y violación de los principios del GATT de no discriminación y compensación. El MFA deberia contemplarse como una extensión del Acuerdo de Largo Plazo sobre Textiles de Algodón (LTA), el que era una extensión del Acuerdo de Corto Plazo sobre Textiles de Algodón (STA). A través de los últimos 25 a?os los EEUU han expandido estas restricciones desde el algodón aplicadas sólo a Japón, a algodón aplicadas a los principales preveedores y fmalmente a todas las fibras aplicadas a todos los países en desarrollo exportadores. En efecto, el MFA adquirió vida propia y se ha constituido en el sello de calidad para todos los instrumentos proteccionistas. Dada esta larga historia de protectión en la industria textil y el peso relativo dado al MFA como un ejemplo de mecanismo ?efectivo? de restricción del comercio, el propósito de este estudio es proporcionar de una manera compacta un exámen de las distintas estimaciones empíricas del costo de bienestar de restricciones al comercio de textiles y vestuario sobre la economía de los EEUU.