Individual Stock Returns and Monetary Policy: Evidence from Japanese Data

The present paper uses Japanese firm‐level data to investigate the effects of monetary policy on stock. The main purpose of this paper is to examine whether monetary policy has heterogeneous effects on stock returns and whether such heterogeneity can be explained by existing theories of monetary transmission mechanisms. We find little evidence that the demand sides of the interest rate and balance sheet channels explain the heterogeneous effects of monetary policy. However, there is evidence that the supply sides of the interest rate and balance sheet channels, when measured by capital intensity, financial leverage and interest payment burden, can explain its heterogeneous effects.     

货币市场与货币政策

一国货币市场的建设不能仅仅依赖一、二个子市场,而应该货币市场建成一个子市场多元化的体系,各个子市场之间相互关联、形成统一体。只有这样,中央银行才能在货币上配套利用不同的信用工具实现货币市场的功能,贯彻货币政策的宗旨,体现货币政策的取向。本将在研究货币市场发展的基础上,分析货币市场与货币政策之间的关系。     

扩张性货币政策批判:货币政策传导机制的无效性

西方经济学所说货币政策传导机制,包括利率渠道、资产价格渠道即利率渠道基础上的投资效应和财富效应、信贷渠道、汇率渠道等,在积极的或扩张性货币政策方面都是难以奏效的。扩张性货币政策的短期效果也难以证实,而且推动通胀、加剧过剩、浪费资源、加剧分化,损害长远经济发展,在长期中是负效应而不是中性。正确的货币政策原则只能是适应性的。     

Federal Monetary Policy

What is the optimal institutional structure for a federal central bank? The framework developed in this paper is used to analyze under what conditions an individual region will prefer a monetary union to be organized according to regional or common influences and how a combination of both can be rationalized. The implications of an enlargement of a monetary union for changes in its institutional setup are also derived.     

Optimal Monetary Policy

Optimal monetary policy maximizes the welfare of a representative agent, given frictions in the economic environment. Constructing a model with two sets of frictions—costly price adjustment by imperfectly competitive firms and costly exchange of wealth for goods—we find optimal monetary policy is governed by two familiar principles. First, the average level of the nominal interest rate should be sufficiently low, as suggested by Milton Friedman, that there should be deflation on average. Yet, the Keynesian frictions imply that the optimal nominal interest rate is positive. Second, as various shocks occur to the real and monetary sectors, the price level should be largely stabilized, as suggested by Irving Fisher, albeit around a deflationary trend path. Since expected inflation is roughly constant through time, the nominal interest rate must therefore vary with the Fisherian determinants of the real interest rate. Although the monetary authority has substantial leverage over real activity in our model economy, it chooses real allocations that closely resemble those which would occur if prices were flexible. In our benchmark model, there is some tendency for the monetary authority to smooth nominal and real interest rates.     

Federal Monetary Policy: A Comment

We comment on an article published in this journal by Hefeker (2003) and reveal an inconsistency in his analysis of monetary policy in federal monetary unions. We clarify an implicit assumption in his model and show that even when this further assumption is met, Hefeker's (2003) claim that a pure majority vote by the regions and the central government results in a monetary authority consisting solely of regionally appointed governors is not generally valid in the context of his model.     

通货膨胀预期管理的有效性——价格型货币政策工具与数量型货币政策工具比较

本文构建了动态分布滞后模型,研究了不同货币政策工具对通胀预期的影响.结果发现,价格型货币工具对通胀预期有着较为显著的影响,而数量型货币工具则不显著;在短期内,价格型工具比数重型工具更能有效控制通胀预期.因此,中央银行应有针对性的搭配使用不同货币政策工具,提高政策的前瞻性和可信性,实现对通胀预期的有效引导和调控.     

Transparency of Monetary Policy: Theory and Practice

Transparency has become one of the main features of monetarypolicymaking during the last decade. This article establishesstylized facts and provides a systematic overview of the practiceof monetary policy transparency around the world. It shows muchdiversity in information disclosure, even for central bankswith the same monetary policy framework, including inflationtargeting. Nevertheless, the study finds significant differencesin transparency across monetary policy frameworks. The empiricalfindings are explained using key insights distilled from thetheoretical literature. Thus, this article aims to bridge thegap between the theory and practice of monetary policy transparency.(JEL codes: E58, D82)     

货币政策传导机制：理论发展与现实选择

货币政策的有效传导对提振市场信心、促进经济发展以及平抑经济波动具有重要意义。本文对货币政策传导机制的理论发展进行了系统梳理和评述,并有选择性地对已有理论所揭示的传导机制进行了实证检验。在此基础上,文章根据全球新型金融危机与货币政策之间的紧密联系,提出货币政策的金融市场传导渠道,并基于全景分析视角,将金融市场传导渠道与其他传统渠道共同纳入全景分析中的综合传导体系内,从而形成一个完备的货币政策传导机制的综合理论分析框架,为新形势下我国货币政策的现实选择提供新的理论基础。     

Monetary Policy and Stock Returns

The Standard & Poor stock market composite index is examined to determine how much of the variance in returns can be explained by monetary policy. The note employs the econometric technique of generalized forecast error variance decomposition developed by Koop et al . ( Journal of Econometrics , vol. 74, 1996, pp.119–47) and Pesaran and Shin ( Economics Letters , vol. 58, pp.17–29). Unlike the traditional orthogonalized decomposition, the generalized version is invariant to the ordering of the variables in the underlying vector autoregression. The results provide important information about the relationship between monetary policy and the stock market.     

Expectation Traps and Monetary Policy

Why is inflation persistently high in some periods and low in others? The reason may be the absence of commitment in monetary policy. In a standard model, absence of commitment leads to multiple equilibria, or expectation traps , even without trigger strategies. In these traps, expectations of high or low inflation lead the public to take defensive actions, which then make accommodating those expectations the optimal monetary policy. Under commitment, the equilibrium is unique and the inflation rate is low on average. This analysis suggests that institutions which promote commitment can prevent high inflation episodes from recurring.     

关于公众预期与货币政策的反思

公众预期与货币政策的关系问题一直是宏观经济学中令人感到;困惑的热点问题.本文力图对经典理论的基本前提进行深入的研讨,强调由于理性预期模型在前提假设方面的简单化,才使得理论与现实时常存在差异,并以此为基础进一步探析货币政策效应与公众预期的关系,最后结合中国实际进行实证分析.     

Exchange Rates and Monetary Policy

This paper looks at the relation between exchange rates and monetary policy. It focuses in particular on the role of the exchange rate of the euro in the context of the ECB's monetary policy strategy. The objective of monetary policy is to maintain price stability. The euro area is a large and relatively closed economy. Therefore, the exchange rate of the euro is not an intermediate target nor is it an objective. Nevertheless, the ECB's stability–oriented monetary policy strategy does not neglect the exchange rate of the euro. Clearly, exchange rate developments are taken into account both when looking at the transmission mechanism of monetary policy and when assessing the current economic situation and prospects for the euro area.     

资产价格与货币政策

文章研究了资产价格与货币政策的关系。论述了资产价格在货币政策传导中的作用及其传导机制,并讨论了央行是否能够通过货币政策对资产价格进行有效控制来防止资产价格泡沫损害宏观经济。