领导过程中的下属归因：一个整合性理解框架

领导行为及其有效性是组织管理领域的重要议题。早期文献大多围绕领导行为本身展开讨论,新近研究开始从下属归因的视角探讨领导行为有效性问题。然而,这些研究考察了不同的归因内容,采用了不同的作用机制,论证了不同的作用形式,使得学界对领导过程中的下属归因缺乏系统的认识。本文提出了一个旨在系统地理解领导过程中下属归因作用的整合框架。该框架包括归因对象、归因内容和归因后反应及其机制。具体而言,该框架指出：（1）在“对何”归因（即归因对象）方面,下属会对积极、消极和中性领导行为进行归因。（2）在做出“何种”归因（即归因内容）方面,下属会归因于情境和归因于人。其中归因于人按性质（积极和消极）和指向（下属、领导和下属–领导关系）可分为六类（自我肯定型、自我指责型、善意服务型、恶意自利型、高质量型、低质量型）。（3）下属对领导行为的归因会通过情感、动机、评价、互惠、资源五种主要机制产生影响。在此框架的基础上,文章从深入融合归因理论、丰富下属归因的作用形式、拓展下属归因的作用效果及完善下属归因的作用机制四个角度提出未来研究方向,以启发学术研究并指导管理实践。     

领导理论的演进及其对我国企业管理的启示

领导理论是西方管理学研究的重要内容之一。本文分别从领导者的个人特质、领导者关注的任务和人员、情境变量这三个方面对领导有效性研究的意义进行探讨。     

敌意归因风格在组织管理中的影响研究北大核心CSSCISSCI

文章以敌意归因风格的视角,探讨"为什么一些员工对组织的情感承诺水平总保持在较低的水平"这一现实问题。通过对四家企业的468名员工的问卷调查,构建并验证了敌意归因风格对组织情感承诺的影响模型。结果表明:敌意归因风格对员工的组织情感承诺有消极的影响;领导—下属交换关系在这个过程中起着中介的作用;心理授权和组织支持感在领导—下属交换关系对情感承诺的影响过程中分别起着部分的中介作用。文章最后探讨了研究结果对管理实践的启示以及对未来研究的展望。     

敌意归因风格在组织管理中的影响研究北大核心CSSCISSCI

文章以敌意归因风格的视角,探讨"为什么一些员工对组织的情感承诺水平总保持在较低的水平"这一现实问题。通过对四家企业的468名员工的问卷调查,构建并验证了敌意归因风格对组织情感承诺的影响模型。结果表明:敌意归因风格对员工的组织情感承诺有消极的影响;领导—下属交换关系在这个过程中起着中介的作用;心理授权和组织支持感在领导—下属交换关系对情感承诺的影响过程中分别起着部分的中介作用。文章最后探讨了研究结果对管理实践的启示以及对未来研究的展望。     

基于互动视角的新任领导者身份构建过程案例研究

新任领导者常常陷入具备领导者头衔,但下属尚不认可其能力和身份的困境。为了探究他们是如何摆脱困境并构建领导者身份的,本文对王品集团"幼狮计划"中的五位新任领导者进行了案例研究。通过多案例研究方法,我们发现他们刚到组织时面临充满挑战的情境,这激发了他们的心理韧性,进而使他们产生主动行为,而寻求反馈、搭建人际关系网络和搜寻信息这些主动行为又影响着身份构建结果。而且,借助领导者身份构建的互动视角,我们得知下属感知的新任领导者的善意和能力对身份构建结果有影响。综上,我们开发了一个基于互动视角的心理特征对新任领导者身份构建影响机制模型,本文的结论对于揭示新任领导者的管理困难和身份构建策略有理论指导价值。     

从领导理论的发展视角看当前女性领导问题

领导是对下属施加影响以完成他们的目标和任务的过程，它与管理具有一定的区别。领导理论的发展经历了特质理论、行为理论和权变理论三个阶段，本文顺着西方领导理论发展的脉络，提出了近年来领导理论研究中出现的新问题——女性领导者问题并进行了简单的评述。     

基于情景因素的高技术企业管理者领导行为要素特征研究

西方领导行为理论将领导者个人特质、员工个人特质、团队特性、团队的结构与任务,作为影响领导者领导行为的情境因素.在高技术企业中,由于高技术企业与传统企业有着不同的特点,因而其影响管理者领导行为的情景因素也有所不同.本文在分析高技术企业情景因素特征的基础上,提出了高技术企业管理者不同于传统企业的领导行为的要素特征.     

国企改革中领导风格的多维选择模型

对于领导效果的研究，是管理学研究的重要内容之一。著名的菲德勒权变模型提出，领导效果与领导风格和情境因素（领导者-成员关系、任务结构和职位权力）的匹配有关，但存在一些欠缺。本文在介绍和评价菲德勒模型的基础上，分析了影响领导效果的三项变量（领导风格、情境因素和下属个性）及其子变量，并构造了国企改革过程中领导风格的多维选择模型。依据该模型，讨论了领导风格权变选择的各种情形，并提出了有益于提高领导效果的几点启示。     

浅谈危机情境中的变革型领导

危机情境逐渐成为常态,对领导者的综合素质和处理能力提出了挑战,变革型领导所具有的独特风格在危机防范和处理中的作用逐渐凹显出来。本文主要研究了危机情境下变革型领导的作用机理和危机处理过程中的行为特征。     

西方领导者特质与领导效能研究综述与展望

本文对20世纪80年代以来西方有关领导者特质与领导效能关系的近140篇研究文献(主要是实证文献)进行了全面的分析和综述.文章首先总结归纳了20世纪80年代以来西方学者主要关注的领导者特质,包括领导者人格、动机、能力、价值观等;其次基于文献回顾,探讨了每种领导者特质与领导效能的关系;最后总结了领导者特质研究现状,并针对已有研究存在的不足展望了未来的研究方向.     

Penetration and Post-infection Development of Meloidogyne Incognita on Tobacco as Treated by Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas Fluorescens Strain P-72-10

The bio-control potential of rhizospere bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens against plant-parasite nematode had been demonstrated. P. fluorescens had shown the effect to enhance tobacco resistance to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Inoculation with P. fluoreseens in tobacco could lead to significant reductions in the number of juveniles that penetrated tobacco root and further life stage development of the juveniles. The number of juveniles penetrated into tobac- co root in treatment with P. fluorescens is significantly different from CK at 2DAI, 6DAI, 8DAI and 10DAI. Significant reduction and delayed development of juveniles that penetrated into tobacco root and treated were observed in treatment at 14DAI, 21DAI, 28DAI and 35DAI. In addition, P. fluoreseens treatment leads to a significant reduction in the number of eggs per egg-mass at 35 DAI. The results show P. fluorescens induced a continuously suppression on root-knot nema- tode M. incognita throughout their entire early infection phase of root penetration, subsequent life stage development and reproduction.     

For Better or for Worse? Local Impacts of the Decentralization of Indonesia’s Forest Sector

This paper quantifies the local impacts of mechanized logging on forest-dependent communities in Indonesia, before and after decentralization. A conceptual framework incorporates financial, social, enforcement, rent-seeking, and environmental impacts. Using data from 60 communities in East Kalimantan, the empirical results suggest that significantly more households received financial and in-kind benefits after decentralization compared to before. Many communities engaged in self-enforcement activities against firms both before and after decentralization. Post-decentralization, a significantly higher proportion of households perceived community forest ownership. There were few significant differences in perceived environmental impacts. Little evidence exists of a post-decentralization trade-off between environmental and financial contractual provisions.     

以资本管理为核心的银行治理综合评价指标研究

商业银行的特殊性体现在风险性、外部性和多重治理目标上,尤其集中体现在风险管理的本质上。风险管理日益成为现代商业银行的主体活动和核心职能,资本管理成为现代商业银行风险管理的核心。在整合EVA和RAROC指标的基础上。文章构建了以资本管理为核心的银行治理的综合评价指标,以求真实反映银行经营的成果,有效衡量风险收益和风险成本的对比关系,从而反映以资本管理为核心的银行风险管理的过程、能力和效率。     

Markteintrittstiming von Telekommunikationsdiensteanbietern

Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Studie analysiert für 87 Neuprodukteinführungen (NPE) und Auslandsmarkteintritte (AME) von Telekommunikations(TK)-Diensteanbietern in Deutschland, zu denen 42 Schlüsselinformanten in einer schriftlichen Befragung Auskunft gaben, (1) inwieweit deren zeitliche Eintrittspositionierung durch Marktcharakteristika und Unternehmensressourcen erkl?rbar ist sowie (2) inwieweit und gegebenenfalls unter welchen unternehmensexternen und -internen Situationsbedingungen deren Markteintrittstiming mit dem wahrgenommenen Eintrittserfolg assoziiert ist. Ein früher Markteintritt wurde dann realisiert, wenn die Wettbewerbsintensit?t im adressierten Gesch?ft niedrig und das Budget für den Expansionsschritt überdurchschnittlich ausfielen. Zwischen dem Markteintrittstiming und der Beurteilung des Eintrittserfolgs bestand ein nicht monotoner, umgekehrt U-f?rmiger Zusammenhang: Frühe Folger wiesen signifikant bessere Erfolgswerte auf als Pioniere und sp?te Folger, deren Erfolgsniveaus nicht signifikant divergierten. In einer Industrie, die durch starke externe Netzeffekte gepr?gt ist, fallen offenbar die Nachteile eines Markteintritts als Pionier oder sp?ter Folger st?rker ins Gewicht als die Vorteile dieser beiden zeitlichen Eintrittspositionierungen. Unabh?ngig vom Markteintrittstiming wurden NPE/AME von TK-Unternehmen als erfolgreicher eingestuft, wenn sie sich in einen Markt mit stark wachsender Nachfrage und aufeinander abgestimmt (re)agierenden Wettbewerbern mit qualitativ überdurchschnittlichen, abw?rtskompatiblen, erprobbaren und wenig erkl?rungsbedürftigen TK-Diensten engagierten.      

利用膜技术回收利用碱性废水研究进展

回顾了利用膜分离技术处理碱性废水的工艺与综合利用技术所取得的丰硕成果，总结了各种治理方法的特点、适用性及发展方向。     

Taxing Times in Indonesia: The Challenge of Restoring Competitiveness and the Search for Fiscal Space

Indonesia’s economic growth picked up slightly in mid-2016 but remains below the level demanded by government and popular aspirations. Despite a plethora of reforms intended to increase efficiency and productivity, some policies are perverse and longstanding problems of implementation remain. The share of manufacturing has declined, the real exchange rate has appreciated, exports have dwindled, and growth has been trending downwards. The banking sector is stable but inefficient, with wide net interest margins and numerous barriers to competition. Trade protection, particularly in basic food commodities, has created high costs that weigh particularly heavily on the poor. Declining government revenues have placed increasing pressure on the public budget, even as the current administration aims to increase spending on infrastructure and welfare and to enhance productivity. In an effort to increase revenues, the government has announced a tax amnesty program and other measures. In addition, Sri Mulyani Indrawati, the new finance minister, has taken steps to cut non-essential expenditure in order to secure high spending on infrastructure and at the same time keep within the 3% budget deficit limit stipulated by law. Although the overall debt situation is not yet alarming, declining revenues and budget cuts that do not fully reflect this decline are putting pressure on increasing debt levels. The government’s high-profile tax amnesty program was the major policy initiative implemented in the second half of 2016 that aimed to relieve this pressure. Despite widespread criticism of, and scepticism about, the tax amnesty (both within and outside Indonesia), its first phase had a much higher participation rate than most independent accounts expected. Revenues raised so far through the amnesty are less than 60% of the official target, but this is actually a strong result for the short term. The bigger question, however, is whether the amnesty is a key element of a more encompassing strategy to overhaul the system of taxation and tax administration.     

The causes of Japan's ‘lost decade’: The role of household consumption

In this paper, I analyze the causes of the prolonged slowdown of the Japanese economy in the 1990s and find that the stagnation of investment, especially private fixed investment, was the primary culprit. I then investigate the causes of the stagnation of household consumption during the 1990s and find that the stagnation of household disposable income, the decline in household wealth, and increased uncertainty about the future are among the contributing factors. Finally, I consider whether demand side factors or supply side factors were more important as causes of the prolonged slowdown of the Japanese economy in the 1990s and conclude that the former (especially misguided government policies) were probably more important.