Jointness In Production and Factor-Price Equalization *

This paper argues that the presence of activities which yield outputs jointly does not damage the case for factor-price equalization. the crucial condition for equalization is similar to that in the no-joint production case: the number of common activities with independent input vectors that are actively used in both countries at least match the number of factors, and factor endowments lie sufficiently close. Indeed, joint production may increase the range of commodity prices for which factor prices are equalized by commodity trade.     

数字贸易进口与企业间工资均等化

基于企业-产品层面数据,采用双边连续差分法,间接评估了数字贸易进口对企业间工资分配的影响.研究发现,与传统进口贸易相比,数字贸易进口会促进企业间工资趋于均等化,这种促进效应主要源自行业内企业工资差距的缩小和工资水平中等偏上的企业的工资趋向行业内中位数工资.数字贸易进口可以通过减少距离成本、提升出口技术复杂度和提高进口贸易速度推动企业间工资均等化发展,但也会因价格差距的拉大而削弱其促进效应.进一步分析发现,企业开展数字贸易进口容易引致就业"替代效应"和进口"鲇鱼效应",这两种效应均会扩大企业间工资差距.     

Joint Production,Externalities, and the Regulation of Production Networks

Real production systems are often vertically integrated in thesense that one production process uses the unwanted joint product of another production process as input.This interrelationship links in a non-obvious way the different negative externalities stemming from theproduction processes. An empirical example is the sulphuric acid industry. Our model of a vertically integratedproduction system shows how internalising one currently existing externality may create another externalitywhich has thus far not been existent. We also discuss how environmental policy could deal with this problemwhen regulating integrated production systems.     

Trade Union Activity and Post-War Inflation In Australia

This article was prepared by L. J. Perry, School of Economics, University of New South Wales. The author is especially grateful to Dr R. Horn, Professor J. Nevile, Bill Rao and anonymous referees for their constructive criticisms. Other people who have helped in various ways are Ron Bewley, Judy Francis, Professor Kakwani, Kevin Forde, and Dr K. Rivett, None of these people necessarily agree with the contents and any errors are the responsibility of the author     

跨国公司全球生产网络与中美贸易不平衡

生产要素的国际流动是经济全球化的基础特征,跨国公司的国际直接投资是生产要素国际流动的载体。随着生产要素在国与国之间流动的不断增强,国际分工由商品层次深入到生产层次,国际直接投资与国际贸易的互动成为当今世界经济的重要表现。国际直接投资对产业转移的独特作用和中国外商投资企业的加工贸易方式是中美贸易不平衡的主要原因。中国积极促进对外直接投资并主动参与区域经济合作,会在一定程度上有助于中美贸易摩擦的缓解。     

Quality-Differentiated Inputs and Trade In Vertically Related Markets*

This paper presents an international trade model of vertically related markets with quality differentiation at the stage of the intermediate good. Domestic input producers are at a disadvantage relative to higher quality foreign suppliers in providing inputs to a domestic final-good producer. the input producer may be driven out of the market unless policies enacted by the domestic government can encourage domestic final-good firms to use the domestic input. Results show that multiple tariffs and direct production subsidies are the most beneficial policy options.     

Aggregation By Industry In High-Dimensional Models*

Models of trading economies have become very large in dimensions and complex in structure. Conditions which are sufficient for aggregation in production and/or consumption are derived. They require the existence of linearly homogeneous indices of production and/or consumption in the industries or sufficient similarity among agents. These methods are applied to the Armington model and to a group of models in which the commodities in an industry are denned on a continuum. the results are applied to the method of constructing general-equilibrium models with many commodities, tests of comparative advantage, and the measurement of effective protection in multicommodity industries.     

Automata,Joint Production and the Labour Theory of Value

In the case of semi-automatic production systems, the theorem by Fillipini & Fillipini (1981) does not specify sufficient conditions for positive labour values. An additional condition sufficient for the positivity of labour values in semi-automatic production systems is introduced and interpreted.     

Joint Production and the Structure of Technology: A Generalization

In this paper, we have a peek inside the black box of technology in an attempt to get a better understanding of the concept of joint production. We introduce the notion of input and output subtechnologies; these are then used as building blocks to define various types of production processes, either joint or nonjoint. Thus, in the 2×2 case, we are able to identify up to 36 different production structures, some of which are well known, but most of which are new. These are all described in the primal quantity space as well as in the dual price space. Comparative statics results for the 2×2 joint production process are derived.     

电力生产、跨省交易与能源环境效率

将电力生产作为先行于其他社会生产的生产环节,在考虑规模越来越大的电力跨省交易和非期望产出(二氧化碳排放、工业废气总排放量、工业废水总排放量等)的基础上,使用非参数网络数据包络分析模型测算了2000—2012年中国省域能源环境效率。结果表明:与考虑电力生产和跨省交易的网络DEA模型相比,利用传统DEA方法会高估电力输入省的能源环境效率、低估电力输出省的能源环境效率。指出调整电力生产布局和跨省输送网络可以有效提高地区的能源环境效率。     

Production Networks and Patterns of Trade: Evidence from Taiwan

This paper investigates the role of production networks in determining the pattern of international trade. Using Taiwan's trade data for 1991, production networks are found to have a discernible impact on the pattern of trade, aside from the variables typically envisaged by conventional and new trade theories, including factor proportions and technological difference. Taiwan's industries are shown to be relatively strong in horizontal networks, but weak in vertical ones. However, the strength in horizontal networks can be undermined by high wages, and the weakness in vertical networks can be strengthened by high R&D intensities. Both networks are conducive to intra-industry trade, which means that networks are useful devices for product differentiation.     

Global Production Networks and the Private Organization of World Trade

As John R. Commons understood, the role of the firm in providing employment and income distribution is a form of public power (Munkirs and Knoedler 1987). This public power of firms is supported by the laws of the state, which protect private property and enforce market transactions. The Global Production Network (GPN) is a new form of the firm, influenced by information technology to lower “transaction costs” (Coase 1937), as well as international trade regimes, such as the Washington Consensus to improve the ease of world trade and investment. The GPN is globe-scanning, yet private and able to shape the economies and policies of countries. Under the banner of branded products, the lead firm in a supply chain exercises considerable power over subsidiaries, contractors, workers, communities, and countries. By influencing trade relations, GPNs also influence international finance, foreign currency reserves and exchange rates, as well as trade deficits and “race to the bottom” of taxes and environmental protection. Drawing on interdisciplinary research, this topic benefits from an alliance of sociology, business, history, law, and international as well as institutional economics in the AFEE tradition. I draw on the work of leading scholars in the field (Antras 2016; Baldwin 2016; Gereffi 2013; Milberg and Winkler 2013) and analyze the implications for the world trade system, as well as the ongoing political resistance to globalization. These GPNs are no longer “of” their country of origin (Tyson vs. Reich).     

Nonlinear Pricing in General Equilibrium Models with Joint Production

This paper considers general equilibrium models of public utilities which produce either public goods or private goods. In the models, cases of increasing returns are not a priori excluded. The products of the public utilities and their costs are allocated to the consumers according to a rule that is dependent on information communicated to the public utilities. We show that if the public utilities follow a nonlinear pricing rule, the equilibrium allocations are always Pareto-optimal. Moreover, the message space is of finite dimensions.
JEL Classification Numbers: D51, D60, H41, H42.     

国际贸易中的两国关税博弈--兼论加入WTO后我国的关税对策

本文主要利用博弈论中纳什均衡的原理讨论在完全信息情况下，两国在国际贸易中的关税对策问题，并给出了关税对策的最优解。根据最优解讨论了关税增减对两国关税收入的影响，通过案例分析说明了我国加入WTO以后应采取的关税对策。     

全球生产网络、知识扩散与加工贸易升级

本文基于全球生产网络，在微观层面上讨论了加工贸易升级的内涵与机制问题。首先。基于全球生产网络的组织结构与运行机制，从产业、产品、价值链环节、生产过程、企业角色等五个方面界定了加工贸易升级的内涵；然后，从全球生产网络中知识扩散与组织学习的角度，分析了加工贸易的升级机制与过程；最后，就我国今后一段时间加工贸易升级的基本战略取向提出了几点建议。     

棉花生产、国际贸易与纺织业的动态影响分析

纺织业的发展高度依赖于棉花。在纺织业持续增长的背景下,我国由棉花的净出口国变成最大的净进口国,全球经济的复苏将促进我国纺织业的增长,并进一步凸显棉花供给和需求之间的矛盾。以1978～2009年的数据为基础,在统计分析的基础上,利用协整模型检验棉花生产、国际贸易与纺织业的长期均衡关系,并通过脉冲响应模拟了在外部因素冲击下三者的动态响应态势。最后,从稳定纺织业长期发展的角度提出若干建议。     

The Impact of Exchange Rate Risk on Intercountry Trade and Production

Analysing various arrangements of intercountry trade, this paper investigates the impact of exchange rate risk on production and expected trade. It addresses the question how a mean-preserving spread of the exchange rate distribution effects strategic aspects of different trading arrangements. It is shown that in an uncertain environment the efficiency loss induced by double marginalization can in general not be overcome by negotiation.