土地价格和享乐评价方法

本文介绍了享乐价格理论的基本模型及享乐价格函数的估计（包括自变量的选择、自变量和因变量资料的收集及函数形式的选择）,结合我国的具体情况,讨论了享乐方法的应用可能性。为了进一步明确享乐方法应用条件,讨论了享乐方法应用的前提假设,最后,作者认为享乐方法可以成为城市地价评估的手段之一。     

A CONSUMER PRICE INDEX FOR SWEDEN, 1290–2008

This paper presents a Consumer Price Index for Sweden 1290–2008. Constructing an index that covers more than seven centuries poses conceptual and empirical problems, and demands some methodological innovations. For example, during numerous occasions the currency unit was changed, and in some periods multiple currencies were used at floating exchange rates relative to each other. This paper also presents two different price indices, one that mainly serves the purposes of estimating real prices and real wages, and another that provides a measure of inflation. While the former follows the main currency unit, the latter also takes into account that debased coins were devalued during recoinage.     

AN EVALUATION OF THE USE OF HEDONIC REGRESSIONS FOR BASIC COMPONENTS OF CONSUMER PRICE INDICES

The importance of adjusting for quality changes in the measurement of consumer prices, and the role hedonic regressions can play in achieving this, is well recognised. However, the use of such regressions can take different forms, including (i) adjustments by statistical offices for non-comparable substitutions via the matched models method , (ii) direct estimates from the coefficients on dummy variables for time, and (iii) exact hedonic and superlative indices corresponding to a constant utility formulation from an economic theoretic approach. The literature on these approaches generally deals with each in isolation; the purpose of this paper is to outline and evaluate them in order to draw conclusions as to their practical suitability for the compilation of quality-adjusted consumer prices indexes. The case is argued for a move towards the last of these approaches, which developments in electronic data retrieval (scanner data) now make feasible. The paper concludes with the results of some empirical work comparing the results of the direct method with those from the exact, superlative, approach.     

CALCULATING A PRICE INDEX FOR FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN: IMPLICATIONS FOR MEASURING TRENDS IN CHILD POVERTY RATES

This paper investigates the effects of varying consumption patterns for families with and without children on measured trends in child poverty. We first use data from consumer expenditure surveys to calculate price indices by family type. We next examine the effect of using these group-specific price indices on measured trends in child poverty. Although we find that, all else equal, children increase the cost of living, our calculations indicate that on average families with children experienced relatively lower inflation rates than families without children during the 1968 to 1987 period. While this result suggests that estimates of child poverty rates calculated using an average price index may have over-stated secular increases in child poverty, we find that child poverty rates calculated using a price index specific lo families with children are not substantively different from those calculated using an average index for all families.     

Hedonic和结构方程模型下的北京别墅价格分析

以中央财经大学别墅数据库为依托,运用hedonic模型分析了不同物业属性对房价的影响力差异。为了进一步比较物业内部因子与区位因子在房价决定机制中的作用,引入了结构方程模型对潜变量进行了分析。研究结果首先验证了项目距市中心距离这一核心区位指标对房价的绝对影响力,同时也表明项目内部因子对房价整体影响力与区位因子相当。     

基于特征价格模型的城市住宅用地出让价格影响因素研究

通过借鉴国内外特征价格模型的理论研究和实证研究成果,构建反映城市住宅用地市场现状的土地特征价格模型,并对2007—2009年南京市公开出让的156块住宅用地的出让价格进行实证研究,进而探讨城市住宅用地出让价格的影响因素及其影响机制。结果表明:①城市中心影响度、土地交易条件、土地交易方式、容积率、政府公共服务设施、医院、企业、金融密集度、公交站点、时间因素对南京市城市住宅用地出让价格有显著影响,并且城市中心影响度为负向影响;②邻里特征对城市住宅用地土地出让价格的贡献率为53.4%,个别特征为31.1%,区位特征为9.7%,其它特征为5.8%;③公交线路对城市住宅用地出让价格影响最大,其次分别为政府公共服务设施、金融密集度、企业、土地交易方式、医院、城市中心影响度、土地交易条件、容积率。据此,从转变土地管理部门职能、科学确定住宅用地出让价格、合理地确定住宅用地价格指数、完善城市基础设施建设等方面提出相应的政策建议。     

HEDONIC PRICING MODELS FOR VEHICLE REGISTRATION MARKS

Abstract.  This paper attempts to link Chinese numerology to the determination of vehicle registration mark (VRM) prices in Hong Kong through the hedonic pricing analysis. The values of different patterns of the numbers and Roman alphabet letters are examined. We find that there is a very strong preference for the number '8', that visually appealing patterns add great values to a VRM and that the non-transferable VRMs are more expensive than transferable ones. We also show that their prices move in tandem with the Hang Seng Index. The findings suggest that the government can raise revenue by auctioning off intangible assets containing alphanumerical identification marks.     

THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF PROTECTING INVENTORIED ROADLESS AREAS: A SPATIAL HEDONIC PRICE STUDY IN NEW MEXICO

The objective of this paper is to examine the off‐site benefits, as capitalized into housing values, of protecting 1.6 million acres of Inventoried Roadless Areas (IRAs) in the state of New Mexico, United States. In light of petitions filed by various U.S. states to maintain the status of IRAs as roadless lands, spatial hedonic price models are estimated and used to calculate the implicit value of IRAs in New Mexico. Findings show that a two‐stage least squares (2‐SLS), robust spatial‐lag model is the most appropriate econometric representation of the hedonic price function, and that IRA lands are a significant and positive determinant of house value. After controlling for the presence of Wilderness Areas (WAs) and other characteristics, results indicate that, on average, there is a 5.6% gain in the property value of a house from being located in, or adjacent to, a Census tract with IRAs. In the aggregate, this gain represents 3.5% of the value of all owner‐occupied units in New Mexico ($1.9 billion in capitalized value, or an annualized value in perpetuity of $95 million, assuming a 5% interest rate). (JEL R22, H40, Q51, C21)     

城市住宅特征价格分析:对杭州市的实证研究

由于住宅产品的异质性,国外学者广泛使用特征价格模型分析城市住宅市场。特征价格模型的理论基础主要由Lancaster偏好理论和Rosen的产品特征市场供需均衡模型两部分组成。在访谈的基础上,选择了18个住宅特征作为模型的自变量,基于线性函数形式构建了杭州市住宅特征价格模型。采用杭州市2 473个住宅样本数据和290个住宅小区的实地调查资料对模型进行了估计,发现就整个住宅市场而言,14个住宅特征对住宅价格具有显著影响,并且影响程度有差异。同时,根据特征价格对14个住宅特征的影响程度进行了排序,并分为四类。     

AGRICULTURAL PRICE AND INCOME POLICY: A NEED FOR CHANGE

Agricultural price and income policies operate within a framework established more than 50 years ago. This framework assumes that agriculture is dominated by "family farms," and that the agricultural economy is relatively independent of international and other domestic economic considerations. Yet, the structure of the farm sector today differs greatly from that of 50 or even 20 years ago. The U.S. economy relies on international markets to dispose of 20 to 30 percent of U.S. agricultural output. These changes call for reorientation of U.S. farm policy.     

WAITING TIME AS A PRICE FOR DECEASED DONOR KIDNEYS*

Kidney transplant candidates can obtain organs immediately from living donors or wait for deceased donor organs. I hypothesize that as waiting time for deceased donor organs increases, more patients will seek living donors. I estimate the impact of the availability of deceased donor organs on the use of living donor transplantation. The model, which is identified using within‐region variation in the demand for and supply of kidneys, shows evidence of a substitution effect. A five unit increase in the supply of deceased donor kidneys will result in one fewer living donor transplant for a net increase of four transplants. (JEL I18, H44, D45)     

A MANDATE OF PRICE STABILITY FOR THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM

In recent years, the rules-versus-discretion debate over monetary policy has taken on new life. In the 1960s, this debate focused on the relative merits of nonactivist policies versus activist stabilization policies. When rational expectations arguments emerged in the 1970s, the debate broadened into three categories: activist policies characterized by rules, activist policies characterized by discretion, and nonactivist policies characterized by rules. This paper presents arguments for a particular example of the latter of these policies…specifically, a monetary policy which accords preeminence to achieving price-level stability. Central to these arguments is a comparison of this hypothetical policy with the actual monetary policy pursued by the Federal Reserve System, which is a type of activist policy characterized by discretion. The comparison suggests that actual monetary policy is more constrained than is generally realized. A rule mandating that the Federal Reserve accord preeminence to achieving price-level stability, then, should not be regarded as a policy which would significantly increase constraints on monetary policy. Instead, such a rule should be regarded as replacing implicit, poorly understood constraints with explicit constraints.     

QUANTITY AND PRICE INDEXES FOR CONSTRUCTION

Construction has traditionally constituted one of the problem areas in the preparation of industry price and quantity statistm with in the system of national accounts of most countries. The difficulty stems from what is considered to be the unique character of construction projects. This has unnecessarily impeded the calculation of output price indexes and has resulted in the use of various input-based prices as proxies for output prices. One of the objectives of the development of the system of construction price statistics described in this paper is to permit deflation of the outputs of construction industries in order to produce industry output data in constant prices in a manner consistent with measures for the rest of the economy. This is a more promising approach to improving constant price industry and expenditure measures within the SNA framework than attempting such improvements through the collection of a vast array of quantity data. Construction industries sell specified configurations of materials-in-place which are, to borrow the jargon of other fields, sub-assemblies of some total system. As in other areas of industrial pricing, some of these products are simple and some are complex. Trade contractors sell these sub-assemblies or commodities mainly to an owner-builder or to a general contractor who, in turn, resells the trade contractors’ commodities along with whatever sub-assemblies the general contractor has produced. These sub-assemblies, when combined with, for example, the relevant outputs (or sub-assemblies) of manufacturers, the design services of service industries and the purchasers’ own contributions, yield the wide variety of plant and structures which constitute the various classes of gross fixed capital formation, which are not typically solely the outputs of the construction industries. The resulting contractors’ selling price indexes will provide deflators for the whole range of outputs of the various construction industries. These will become part of the system of industry selling price indexes from which relevant indexes for the various goods and services can be selected and combined with appropriate weights to yield arrays of deflators for the highly complex capital expenditures of business, institutions and government. Ultimately this integrated system of construction industry statistics will permit the preparation of gross output and value added measures, in both current and constant prices, to be calculated for the construction industries as an integral part of the Canadian System of National Accounts, as well as provide a key element for improving the deflation of fixed capital formation.     

城市公共景观对周边住宅价格影响——以株洲神农城为例

城市公共景观对提升城市竞争力,改善市民生活品质有显著贡献。然而目前国内对于城市公共景观的附加价值研究多停留于定性层面,在城市发展决策过程中,很难将其外部效用考虑进去。选择了株洲的公共景观项目,“四大百亿工程”之一的神农城周边楼盘作为研究对象,应用住宅特征价格模型定量计算丁神农城对其周边1250m范周内住宅价格的影响。结果表明神农城对剧边住宅价格有显著的正向影响。量化了的城市公共景观价值可以为开征环境税,城市土地利用结构与功能优化、城市空间合理布局以及城市绿地系统规划、立法、财政预算等提供理论依据和实证支撑。