比例──制图新标准介绍──

比例──制图新标准介绍──比例是技术图样上的必要内容之一，原来用的是ＧＢ４４５７．２一８４《机械制图比例》等标准。现在国家技术监督局批准发布了ＧＢ／Ｔ１４６９０一９３《技术制图比例》，这标准等效采用国际标准ＩＳＯ５４５５一１９７９《技术制图比例》，它...     

制图标准的发展及展望

论述建筑制图，机械制图标准，技术制图标准的发展概况及特点，对加快制定技术制图标准提出建议。     

《比例》新旧国标的区别

从ＧＢ／Ｔ１４６９０－１９９３《技术制图 比例》新国家标准出发，对照旧国家标准ＧＢ４４５７．２《机械制图 比例》，分析了新旧标准的不同。     

《技术制图》新旧标准对照

以对照方法介绍了《技术制图》与《机械制图》中三个基础标准的适用范围、采标情况及基本内容。     

“技术制图”国家标准中几个问题的探析

对技术制图方面的几个国家标准在应用术语时存在的不规范问题进行探讨 ;就 GB/ T1 6 6 75 .1～ 1 6 6 75 .2— 1 996《技术制图　简化表示法》标准中的问题提出质疑 ,以期标准制定部门适时纠正。     

对GB／T 14691—93《技术制图 字体》的建议

从实际使用和调查分析出发，对新国标《技术制图字体》的某些提法提出修改意见，并根据方便使用和习惯，从地位，执法，鉴定和建立字库等方面提出推广国家标准《技术制图 字体》的具体建议。     

技术制图与机械制图等标准中简化画法的差异

以表格的方式分析了ＧＢ／Ｔ１６６７５．１－１６６７５．２－１９９６《技术制图简化表示法》中有关简化车法的规定和机械制衅等标准中的相关内容的差异。     

标准应具严肃性和权威性

对ＧＢ／Ｔ１４６９１－９３《技术制图 字体》中阿拉伯数字一项存在问题进行分析，并提出修改建议。以使标准具有严肃性和权威性。     

从计算机绘图角度评机械制图字符线宽的规定

从计算机绘图角度对《技术制图与机械制图》中关于字体笔画宽度以及符号、代号线宽的规定，指出了函数关系不统一及字体笔画和符号线的宽度变化过多等问题，在此基础上提出了诸多改进意见以作修订参考。     

CorelDRAW X5进行制图符号多图层批替换的技术研究

创建程序开发环境在CorelDRAW X5指导下研究制图符号替换工具,不断创新多图层批替换技术。符号库的建立能够实现制图符号多图层批替换,这样能够提升制图效率,保证制图质量。文章对CorelDRAW X5进行制图符号多图层批替换的技术进行了分析。     

编组站调度信息对阶段计划的影响及计划调整研究

考虑编组站列车到达时间的不确定性，研究阶段计划解体方案的鲁棒调整方法，以提高阶段计划的鲁棒性。在研究编组站列车到达规律及其对阶段计划编制和执行的影响的基础上，分析通过调整解体方案提高阶段计划鲁棒性的必要性和可行性；由列车解体最早开始时刻、解体最晚开始时刻以及待解时间之问的关系，推导出相邻列车解体顺序调整的判定条件；定义了列车待解时间调整量的概念，给出不同情形下列车待解时间的最大调整量的计算方法；基于解体方案鲁棒调整的概念，提出基于随机模拟和经验公式两种解体方案鲁棒调整评价方法；最后给出解体方案鲁棒调整算法。     

The clash of managerial and professional logics in public procurement: Implications for innovation in the health-care sector

This article addresses the enactment of public procurement and its influence on adoption and diffusion of innovation, using a case study of public procurement of a low-tech medical device innovation in Swedish healthcare. Based on interviews and documentation, the article illustrates the various perspectives of the different professions involved in the complex task of setting the requirement specification for the tender. The technology identities of the medical device (innovation) are constructed and negotiated by the actors: procurement administrators, health-care professionals and suppliers within the adoption space. Examining the enactment of the procurement process as part of the adoption space is a way to deepen our understanding of the social component within public procurement.     

钻孔桩基础施工质量控制

文章介绍了巨龙大道跨线桥使用冲击钻机进行桩基础施工的全过程和保证灌注桩质量的控制技术:必须抓好围堰筑岛和桩位控制、护筒埋设,选择合适的钻机和泥浆比重、流量,抓好清孔和灌注水下混凝土质量,对成桩质量进行了检测。对钻孔桩的清孔标准、地质情况的判断、泥浆的净化等问题提出了见解。     

基于熵技术的农村公路施工质量综合评价

鉴于农村公路施工质量评价所存在的模糊性和随机性的特点,在建立涵盖整个施工质量影响因素为一级指标的施工质量综合评价指标体系的基础上,运用模糊数学理论,建立了二级模糊综合评价模型,借用熵的概念计算客观权重的方法,提出了施工质量模糊综合评价的方法。应用该方法对某农村公路项目质量进行评价,得出其评价结果为"良好"。最后,对该方法进行了定量解算,从而提高了施工质量评价的客观性和科学性,通过对结果的深入分析,可找出施工过程中存在的不足之处,从而为目标明确、有的放矢的改进施工质量提供理论依据,具有一定的实用价值。     

公民意识的法理解读——基于法治发展的主体要素考量

文章用人文主义的文化分析方法,指出了公民意识是特定法实践结构基础上产生的法律意识及其对法治发展的能动关系,并在与法律意识、法律权威、法律信仰、道德等相关概念的辨析中明确了其作为国家观念、法律传统、文化的不同层次属性。由此,从发展的角度看,法治系统又是一个包括制度要素和主体要素的运动系统。     

中世纪的骑士精神及其衰落

在学习西欧中世纪骑士制度过程中,了解到了骑士制度在中世纪历史上所占据的历史地位。骑士制度被誉为"封建制度之花",是社会中坚力量,骑士精神对国王到最低等贵族的统治阶级产生了巨大影响。庄园经济的衰落使骑士制度逐步瓦解;战争的平民化和雇佣军的盛行使骑士队伍萎缩;基督教的腐朽弱化了"骑士精神";不适应军事和战争变革的需要,几个方面解释在政治和社会上拥有如此高地位的骑士阶层从繁荣到衰落的原因。     

国内门户网站品牌塑造及模型构建——基于国内外门户网站的比较研究

互联网是全球化的虚拟化,虚拟体验直接影响顾客的认知与行为,从而影响网站的品牌。基于受众体验的国内门户网站品牌塑造模型的构建,是国内门户网站在参考国外先进的网站建设的成功经验的基础上,塑造适合国内门户网站的品牌策略和一项重要的竞争策略。     

Urban Informality and the State: Geographical Translations and Conceptual Alliances

Understandings of informality commonly derive from research undertaken in states perceived as lacking the capacity to regulate the practices of their populations. This Interventions forum aims to expand the geographical parameters of empirical research on urban informality. A more global approach, we argue, also necessitates questioning assumptions that undergird this concept—in particular the underlying conception of the state. In this vein, this collection of papers aims to rethink theories of the state through the lens of informality, and vice versa, to inform and refine the concept of informality through a more thorough understanding of states. In so doing, the contributions engage with concepts that have been central both to theories of the state and to the study of informality, namely governance, agency, legitimacy, sovereignty and legality. Following this introduction setting out our theoretical approach, the Interventions forum unites five empirical studies that discuss the nexus of informality and states in contexts that have been researched less extensively from this perspective, each tackling one of the above‐mentioned concepts. Based on these different entry points, the papers provide novel angles on a state‐theoretical understanding of informality. A concluding essay brings these approaches together, reflecting on the possibilities of translating concepts to different sites.     

Identification and Use of Efficient Faces and Facets in DEA

This paper provides an outline of possible uses of complete information on the facial structure of a polyhedral empirical production possibility set obtained by DEA. It is argued that an identification of all facets can be used for a characterization of basic properties of the empirical production frontier. Focus is on the use of this type of information for (i) the specification of constraints on the virtual multipliers in a cone-ratio model, (ii) a characterization of the data generation process for the underlying observed data set, and (iii) the estimation of isoquants and relevant elasticities of substitution reflecting the curvature of the frontier. The relationship between the so-called FDEF approach and the cone-ratio model is explored in some detail. It is demonstrated that a decomposition of the facet generation process followed by the use of one of the available (exponential) convex hull algorithms allows for an explicit identification of the facial structure of the possibility set in fairly large DEA data sets. It is a main point to be made that the difficulties encountered for an identification of all facets in a DEA-possibility set can be circumvented in a number of empirical data sets and that this type of information can be used for a characterization of the structural properties of the frontier.     

Shenzhen: city of suspended possibility

This essay on Shenzhen, China, presents three vignettes addressing the question of home in a city of migrants. The first section explores the ubiquitous narratives of success forming the city's foundational myth. The second follows this myth into the world of a Shenzhen filmmaker and his characters, as they navigate the tension between the idea of home and the urge to start anew, resulting in the suspended possibility of the title. The last section looks at young architects who hope to preserve the city's heterotopic sites of migrants and original villagers through architectural innovations. The cases show how an economy of desire supplements the political economy of this export-driven city. The city appears as an urban desiring machine that produces itself as an object of desire for the migrants of all classes who flock to its factories, "urban villages", white-collar jobs, luxury villas and underground economy. The essay is an encounter with the mythology of success and failure, the intertwining of home as an end and home as the beginning, and with the manipulation of space that allows residents to control their own subjectivity.