中、美、日实际均衡汇率模型的构建及实证研究

本文基于BEKK-MGARCH模型建立了中、美、日三国的实际均衡汇率方程和方差方程,对1994年以来中国、美国和日本的实际均衡汇率及其波动溢出效应进行了深入细致的分析。结果表明:三个国家的实际均衡汇率受其经济基本面因素的影响不同,人民币实际均衡汇率还受到了美元和日元实际汇率的影响;中美、中日、美日之间的联动关系存在显著的ARCH和GARCH效应。     

人民币均衡实际汇率及错位程度的测算研究:1960～2005

在比较各种均衡汇率理论优缺点的基础上,本文基于均衡实际汇率理论,应用多种计量经济方法实证分析了1960~2005年期间的人民币实际有效汇率,估计出人民币均衡实际汇率,进而测算了人民币名义汇率和实际有效汇率错位情况。研究结果表明,从名义汇率错位情况来看,1994年及以前的名义汇率都是高估的,1995年及以后的名义汇率是低估的。从实际有效汇率错位情况来看,1960~2005年人民币实际有效汇率出现了两阶段低估、三阶段高估情况。     

人民币实际汇率失调程度研究:1994～2004

本文运用行为均衡汇率理论模型对人民币均衡实际汇率和人民币汇率失调程度进行了实证研究，样本区间为1994年1季度至2004年1季度。研究表明，当前时期人民币实际汇率存在较为严重的低估现象，人民币存在升值预期。对人民币汇率失调背后的经济原因分析表明，钉住美元的汇率政策是造成人民币汇率失调的一个主要因素。为了避免人民币汇率出现长时期的失调，建议央行进一步改革现行的汇率制度，改变汇率过于固定的现状，适当扩大人民币汇率的浮动区间，实行更加积极和更具应变能力的汇率政策。     

人民币汇率的均衡、错位及其矫正

基于考虑中国和美国基本经济要素的人民币对美元实际汇率、人民币实际有效汇率、美元实际有效汇率的多维度模型,研究了人民币对美元实际汇率、人民币实际有效汇率、美元实际有效汇率的均衡、错位及其矫正。实证研究表明：中国和美国基本经济要素对人民币对美元实际汇率有重要的长期和短期影响,美国基本经济要素对人民币实际有效汇率存在长期和短期溢出效应,中国基本经济要素对美元实际有效汇率存在长期和短期溢出效应。2008～2010年,人民币对美元实际汇率高估5-8%,人民币实际有效汇率高估2-6%,2009～2010年,美元实际有效汇率接近均衡水平。     

Further Evidence on PPP Adjustment Speeds: the Case of Effective Real Exchange Rates and the EMS*

Two different approaches intend to resolve the ‘puzzling’ slow convergence to purchasing power parity (PPP) reported in the literature [see Rogoff (1996) , Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 34.] On the one hand, there are models that consider a non‐linear adjustment of real exchange rate to PPP induced by transaction costs. Such costs imply the presence of a certain transaction band where adjustment is too costly to be undertaken. On the other hand, there are models that relax the ‘classical’ PPP assumption of constant equilibrium real exchange rates. A prominent theory put together by Balassa (1964, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 72) and Samuelson (1964 Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 46) , the BS effect, suggests that a non‐constant real exchange rate equilibrium is induced by different productivity growth rates between countries. This paper reconciles those two approaches by considering an exponential smooth transition‐in‐deviation non‐linear adjustment mechanism towards non‐constant equilibrium real exchange rates within the EMS (European Monetary System) and effective rates. The equilibrium is proxied, in a theoretically appealing manner, using deterministic trends and the relative price of non‐tradables to proxy for BS effects. The empirical results provide further support for the hypothesis that real exchange rates are well described by symmetric, nonlinear processes. Furthermore, the half‐life of shocks in such models is found to be dramatically shorter than that obtained in linear models.     

多基准、多边人民币汇率评估统计研究

汇率评估是一种汇率合理性评估,合理汇率是多方利益均衡的结果,据此,可以定义汇率评估基准及其测算模型,并通过相关数据的搜集与整理,最终完成多基准、多边人民币汇率的评估任务。实证研究结果表明,目前人民币汇率的走势是合理的。     

Equilibrium exchange rates in South Eastern Europe,Russia, Ukraine and Turkey: Healthy or (Dutch) diseased?

This paper investigates the equilibrium exchange rates of three South Eastern European countries (Bulgaria, Croatia and Romania), of two CIS economies (Russia and Ukraine) and of Turkey. A systematic approach in terms of different time horizons at which the equilibrium exchange rate is assessed is conducted, combined with a careful analysis of country-specific factors. For Russia, a first look is taken at the Dutch disease phenomenon as a possible driving force behind equilibrium exchange rates. A unified framework including productivity and net foreign assets completed with a set of control variables such as openness, public debt and public expenditures is used to compute total real misalignment bands.     

人民币实际汇率决定因素及其失衡度实证研究

实际汇率决定因素的合理选择是进行汇率失衡度判断的前提,然而从现有研究来看,对这一问题的研究尚显不足。本文在相关研究的基础上,对人民币实际汇率决定因素进行了系统地梳理,并在此基础上对人民币实际汇率失衡度进行了计算,结果表明,人民币实际汇率近年来低估程度不大,随后证明了本文结论的合理性。     

估算汇率弹性的模型和对人民币汇率的实证分析

人民币汇率制度改革的主要内容之一是为人民币汇率估算一个适度的弹性范围。本文在F-M模型的基础上构建了一个能够较好地拟合我国实际情况的汇率弹性估算模型，并利用这个模型对人民币汇率的弹性进行了实证分析。该模型没有将汇率制度进行机械的分类，而是将不同汇率制度下汇率的弹性看作是从0～1的连续分布。实证分析的结果是人民币汇率的弹性范围应该限定在围绕均衡汇率上下浮动12％以内。     

人民币实际有效汇率的分解和马歇尔—勒纳条件的修正

马歇尔-勒纳条件是探讨货币贬值改善贸易收支的规律,本文根据人民币实际有效汇率的特点,把它分解为美元有效汇率和人民币对美元汇率之积形式,在此基础之上,本文重新考察货币贬值改善贸易收支的条件,对传统的马歇尔-勒纳条件进行修正。从我们研究中可以看出美元实际有效汇率变化对马歇尔-勒纳条件修正的重要作用,这包括美元有效汇率对人民币汇率弹性和人民币在美元有效汇率中的权重的两种影响。另一方面,即使人民币实际有效汇率贬值存在“J”曲线效应,人民币对美元实际汇率贬值,“J”曲线是否存在还要依赖一定的条件。本文实证研究结果显示出口（或进口）与人民币对美元实际汇率、美元实际有效汇率指数和外国收入（或国内收入）之间存在着显著的协整关系,美元实际有效汇率和人民币对美元实际汇率也存在显著的协整关系。从弹性的变化来看,修正的马歇尔-勒纳条件成立,同时人民币对美元实际汇率贬值有利于改善贸易收支,美元实际有效汇率贬值会恶化中国贸易收支。而对“J”曲线效应的实证研究显示无论是人民币实际有效汇率,还是人民币对美元实际汇率贬值和美元实际有效汇率贬值,我国“J”曲线效应均不显著。     

Valuation effects of capital inflows: Evidence from emerging market economies

This paper studies valuation changes of capital inflows in 19 emerging market economies (EMEs). In most of the EMEs, we find that there are significant valuation changes and a positive rate of return on external liabilities by foreigners. Furthermore, the nonlinear effects of exchange rate movements on valuation changes are investigated using panel smooth transition regression models. Empirical results show that the transition is centered at approximately −22.3% of exchange rate change, which implies that when the exchange rate appreciates more than this level, foreign investment value gains increase considerably.     

网络虚拟货币兑换率对实际消费金额的影响

随着网络游戏的流行,网络虚拟货币日益普及。目前,不同游戏中虚拟货币与真实货币的兑换比率有很大差别。从货币幻觉理论出发,本文通过实验验证了随着兑换比率（每单位真实货币可兑换的虚拟货币数额）的增加,实际消费的真实货币数额呈先升后降的变化,并且消费者的富有程度感知起到中介作用。研究结果将对游戏厂商如何制定虚拟货币兑换率以达到最大程度盈利起到重要的指导作用。     

Impact of an unexplained component of real exchange rate volatility on FDI: Evidence from transition countries

The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of an unexplained component of real exchange rate volatility on FDI in transition economies. We make an attempt to overcome some problems associated with previous studies; the aggregation problem, inadequate measures of volatility, short-run focus and the endogeneity problem. Using a GARCH specification, we focus on long-run volatility, while we control for the endogeneity problem by applying SYS-GMM estimation. The obtained results show that the impact of the unexplained component of real exchange rate volatility on FDI differs among economic activities since 2000. As part of the re-estimation exercise, we use two alternative measures of volatility to avoid arbitrariness. The obtained results are to a large extent in accordance with the first one.     

中国货币条件指数构建及与经济增长的实证分析

货币条件指数作为反映一个国家货币政策松紧程度的指标,自1994年由加拿大银行首次提出后,引起了国际社会的普遍关注。本文选取1998年1季度～2011年3季度间共55个季度的实际利率、实际有效汇率、实际信贷规模缺口作为解释变量,选取实际产出与潜在产出之间的缺口作为被解释变量,使用单方程估计法,通过构造总需求曲线,利用最小二乘法计算各解释变量的权重,得出中国的实际货币条件指数。并通过分析对比中国汇率、利率、信贷规模变动与宏观经济增长之间的关系,验证中国实际货币条件指数对实体经济变动的解释能力。     

Purchasing Power Parity in Three Transition Economies

This paper uses cointegration analysis on monthly data over April 1994-December 2000 to test the relevance theory of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) for two advanced transition economies (Poland and the Czech Republic) and one lagging transition economy (Romania). PPP is not rejected between the lagging reformer and developed market economies, but is rejected between the advanced reformers and the developed economies. However, PPP is not rejected between the two advanced transition economies, though it is rejected between the lagging and advanced transition economies. The evolution of the real exchange rates over 1994-2000 suggest that a significant explanation for these findings is the central role of the exchange rate in the disinflation strategies of Poland and the Czech Republic in the early part of this period, in contrast to the managed float followed by Romania throughout the period.     

Equilibrium exchange rates in oil-exporting countries

We assess the determinants of equilibrium real exchange rates in a sample of oil-dependent countries. Our data cover OPEC countries from 1975 to 2005. Utilising pooled mean group and mean group estimators, we find that the price of oil has a clear, statistically significant effect on real exchange rates in our group of oil-producing countries. Higher oil price lead to appreciation of the real exchange rate. Elasticity of the real exchange rate with respect to the oil price is typically between 0.4 and 0.5, but may be even larger depending on the specification. Real per capita GDP, on the other hand, does not appear to have a clear effect on real exchange rate. This latter result contrasts starkly with many earlier papers on real exchange rate determination, emphasising the unique position of oil-dependent countries.

Are exchange rates less important for trade in a more globalized world? Evidence for the new EU members

We evaluate the effect of exchange rate misalignments on the balance of trade and the role that global value chain participation plays in this effect for 11 new European Union member states. Using heterogeneous panel cointegration methods, we first estimate the real equilibrium exchange rate and detect episodes of currency misalignment. We find asymmetric effects of real currency misalignments: overvaluation has a negative effect, but undervaluation has no effect on the trade balance. Additionally, we find that global value chain participation weakens the effect of currency misalignments on the balance of trade. Therefore, our results suggest that globalization reduces the role of exchange rates in stimulating the domestic economy.     

Edgeworth rejective core and dividends equilibria of satiated exchange economies

For an exchange economy, under assumptions which did not bring about the existence of equilibrium with dividends as yet, we prove the non-emptiness of the Edgeworth rejective core. Then, via  and ’s decentralization result, we solve the equilibrium with dividends existence problem. Adding to the same assumptions a weak non-satiation condition which differs from the weak non-satiation assumption introduced by Allouch and Le Van (2009), we show in the last section the existence of a Walrasian quasiequilibrium. This result, which fits with exchange economies whose consumers’ utility functions are not assumed to be upper semicontinuous, complements the one obtained by Martins-da-Rocha and Monteiro (2009).     

Pricing‐to‐Market and Market Structure*

Stimulated by imperfect competition/sticky prices framework of the new open economy macroeconomics, empirical research has reconsidered the role of exchange rates in international adjustment. This paper reassesses the link between exchange rates and traded good prices by estimating pricing‐to‐market equations for the five main euro area countries over the period 1990–99. We minimize selection biases by keeping all manufacturing products and all destination markets and show that exchange rate pass‐through (ERPT) is much larger, almost complete, than previously estimated. Thanks to a huge variability in terms of exchange rate variations, products and destination markets, we can map differences in ERPT into market structures and, at the same time, reconcile our results with the empirical literature. We find that ERPT is highly incomplete for sales by oligopolistic industries into advanced economies, indeed in the order of 50–60% as previously estimated. ERPT is instead almost complete in emerging and developing economies where therefore exchange rate movements can help adjust external imbalances. We also find that ERPT is largely asymmetric: it is almost complete after an appreciation of the exporter's currency, rather incomplete after a depreciation. This result is very robust across specifications.