网络口碑传播理论基础研究

企业通过网络口碑营销对网络口碑传播实施引导,以提升企业形象和增加效益。针对传播不同层次,提出了顾客体验理论、长尾理论、六度分隔理论、虚拟社区理论、传播过程理论、归因理论、技术接受模型理论等七个网络口碑传播的理论基础,以期对网络口碑传播的研究与实践提供参考。     

An Empirical Analysis of Hedonic Regression and Grid-Adjustment Techniques in Real Estate Appraisal

Multiple regression analysis has become increasingly popular when appraising residential properties for tax purposes. Alternatively, most fee appraisers and real estate brokers use the traditional sales comparison approach. This study combines the two techniques and uses multiple regression to generate the adjustment coefficients used in the grid adjustment method. The study compares the combined grid-regression method with ordinary regression and defines the market conditions under which each method is likely to be more effective. The grid-regression method is found to be more accurate for relatively homogeneous housing markets, and the multiplicative percentage adjustment method (MPAM) the preferred approach.     

国际标准"儿童安全包装"试验的理论根据

国际标准ISO8317（1989）“儿童安全包装”的试验，是基于概率论与数理统计学的抽样检验（全数试验和序贯抽样）方法。本文对试验方法的理论根据进行了简要的论述，为我国制订“儿童安全包装”国家标准和开展试验验证工作打下基础。     

交通拥堵收费的理论依据和政策分析

本文根据外部性理论、时间价值理论和交易成本理论建立理论模型,对交通拥堵的原因、发展过程和征收拥堵费的作用进行了理论分析。分析结论认为征收交通拥堵费有效缓解交通拥堵的前提是城市拥有发达的公共交通系统,同时征收交通拥堵费并对公共交通进行补贴,可以同时有利于高时间价值出行者和低时间价值出行者,对部分时间价值介于高低之间的出行者的影响则不确定。本文在考察新加坡和伦敦征收交通拥堵费的经验基础上,探讨了北京征收交通拥堵费的可行性。主张在征收拥堵费的同时,注意对出行福利受损的市民进行补偿,大力发展公共交通为征收拥堵费的成功提供必要配合。     

合作学习在《审计学》课程教学应用的理论基础与实施方案研究

在梳理了国际会计师联合会对审计人员能力需求的基础上,分析了传统教学方法在《审计学》课程中对学生有关交流与沟通、组织管理和团队合作等能力培养方面的不足。进一步的研究发现合作学习教学方法有助于对接审计人员能力需求,即提升学生未来在审计工作中所需要的交流与沟通、组织管理和团队合作能力。最后根据合作学习理论,以生产与存货循环审计教学为例,提出了合作学习在《审计学》教学应用的实施方案,以供合作学习应用推广的参考。     

基于Hedonic模型的深圳房地产价格指数研究

为了反映房地产价格的真实变动情况,采用特征价格法建立了深圳市房地产价格指数模型,并采用实际的成交数据进行分析。通过对原始交易数据的修正,将不同品质的房产修正为同一品质的房产,使房地产价格指数的计算更加科学、客观。连续运行五年的房地产价格指数表明,基于特征价格法编制的房地产价格指数具有合理性和可行性。     

Hedonic prices in the German market for mobile phones

This paper provides a hedonic price analysis of mobile telephones for the German market, based on data of 302 different handsets from 25 manufacturers over the period from May 1998 to November 2003. By measuring shadow prices for different product characteristics, the authors find that volume, for example, has a negative effect on the price of a mobile handset, while the number of ringtones and the talk time battery life relative to the handset's weight positively affect mobile phone prices. Perhaps somewhat surprisingly, radiation is statistically insignificant. Also handsets have become cheaper over time, and handsets with additional features, such as MMS, MP3 or Bluetooth, command a higher price. In addition, there are positive brand name effects for some brands. According to the estimations presented in this paper the brand name premiums may range from 57 to 172 euro.     

The Impact of Environmental Contamination on Condo Prices: A Hybrid Repeat-Sale/Hedonic Approach

We extend the literature on the impact of externalities using an approach based on a hybrid of hedonic and repeat-sales methods. The externality in question is groundwater contamination in Scottsdale, Arizona. The use of condominium sales allows us to assume that major physical characteristics remain unchanged, but location parameters may be altered by urban growth and development as well as contamination. We find an economically significant discount for properties located in the contaminated area. Interestingly, it does not appear until several years after the contamination becomes publicly known, and it seems to have disappeared before the end of the study period.     

An Evaluation of Hedonic Price Indexes for Thirty-four Large SMSAs

The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, a set of price indexes are developed for thirty-four metropolitan areas for the years 1975 and 1978. Indexes are also broken down by central city and suburb for twenty two of the metropolitan areas. These indexes measure variation in the price per unit of owner-occupied housing stock and the price per unit of housing services of rental housing. Confidence intervals are constructed for the price indexes. It is found that the indexes are reasonably precise measures in that the typical ratio of the confidence interval to the predicted median rent or value is about 13%. Also, analysis of the confidence intervals indicates substantial and statistically significant variation in the price of housing stock and services among the metropolitan areas studied. One of the major benefits of this set of indexes is that it can be used to address one of the most important questions in real estate — Why do housing prices and rents vary among metropolitan areas and over time? Research projects are currently underway that use the data to address these two questions.     

Mortgage Prepayment and Default Decisions: A Poisson Regression Approach

This paper uses an extensive and geographically dispersed sample of single-family fixed rate mortgages to assess the prepayment and default behavior of individual homeowners. We make use of Poisson regression to efficiently estimate the parameters of a proportional hazards model for prepayment and default decisions. Poisson regression for grouped survival data has several advantages over partial likelihood methods. First, when dealing with time-dependent covar-iates, it is considerably more efficient in terms of computations. Second, it is possible to estimate full-hazard models which include, for example, functions of time as well as multiple time scales (i.e., age of the loan and calendar time), in a much more straightforward manner than partial likelihood methods for un-grouped data. Third, Poisson regression can be used to estimate non-proportional hazards models such as additive excess risk specifications. Taken together, our data and estimation methodology allow us to obtain a better understanding of the economic factors underlying prepayment and default decisions.     

Estimating Bargaining Effects in Hedonic Models: Evidence from the Housing Market

Bargaining is common in markets for heterogeneous goods and differences in bargaining power between buyer and seller affect the negotiated transaction price. Previous research has found systematic evidence in the housing markets that weak buyers pay higher prices and weak sellers receive lower prices for their homes. Earlier work has modeled the bargaining effect as a parallel shift in the hedonic function, implicitly assuming that attribute shadow prices were unaffected by the bargaining process. In this paper, we use a sample of home sales where the seller's bargaining power is weakened by the fact that the home is vacant at the time of sale to test whether the effect of bargaining is best captured by a shift in the hedonic constant or whether the attribute shadow prices vary as well. The question is significant for property valuation where estimation of the marginal value of an attribute is commonly used to adjust comparable sales data. We find strong confirmation that bargaining power influences the negotiated price. We also find evidence that bargaining power alters attribute prices, although we do not find a consistent pattern across markets.     

How Much Will Consumers Pay? A Hedonic Analysis of the Cable Television Industry

Because cable television is the classic example of a bundled commodity, it is difficult to determine how consumers value individual cable networks offered on a typical system. This paper uses a modified hedonic framework to determine the marginal willingness to pay by consumers for individual cable networks. The traditional hedonic framework is adapted to allow for the lack of competition on the supply side of the market. It is clear that consumers do value some types of programming more than other types. Sports, news, and family programming all have positive implicit prices while program guides have negative marginal prices.     

Real Estate Settlement Pricing: A Theoretical Framework

This paper examines the pricing of real estate settlement services. Prices charged by real estate brokers, title insurers, private mortgage companies and other settlement service providers have been a public policy issue for a decade. The Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act of 1974 did little to alleviate public concerns or change pricing practices.
The paper provides both a conceptual framework and some observations on how prices for settlement services are determined. It concludes that the demand has little to do with the services themselves, but rather depends on the demand for housing. This creates an environment for unnecessary services to be performed and for prices to be far in excess of cost.     

Renegotiation of Concession Contracts: A Theoretical Approach

We construct a regulation model in which renegotiation occurs due to the imperfect enforcement of concession contracts. This enables us to provide theoretical predictions for the impact, on the probability of renegotiation of a concession, of regulatory policy, institutional features, economic shocks and of several characteristics of the concession contracts themselves.     

Unions and Profits: A Meta‐Regression Analysis1

The effect of unions on profits continues to be an unresolved theoretical and empirical issue. In this paper, clustered data analysis and hierarchical linear meta‐regression models are applied to the population of forty‐five econometric studies that report 532 estimates of the direct effect of unions on profits. Unions have a significant negative effect on profits in the United States, and this effect is larger when market‐based measures of profits are used. Separate meta‐regression analyses are used to identify the effects of market power and long‐lived assets on profits, as well as the sources of union‐profit effects. The accumulated evidence rejects market power as a source of union‐profit effects. While the case is not yet proven, there is some evidence in support of the appropriation of quasi‐rent hypothesis. There is a clear need for further American and non‐American primary research in this area.     

Hedonic Property Valuation Models: Are Subjective Measures of Neighborhood Amenities Needed?

Common applications of hedonic residential property valuation models have relied on proxy measures of neighborhood amenities rather than directly measured subjective evaluations. While this approach simplifies data collection, there is reason to suspect that the use of proxy measures has degraded the accuracy of hedonic valuation models. The extent to which the use of proxy measures may decrease predictive accuracy, and fail to capture the effect of neighborhood amenities, has not been reported previously. The results presented here show that direct subjective measures yield only modest improvements in price prediction. Careful use of proxy measures for neighborhood amenities appears to be cost efficient for large-scale appraisal work.     

Space-Varying Regression Coefficients: A Semi-parametric Approach Applied to Real Estate Markets

This paper presents a method for estimating home values by non-parametrically incorporating the physical location of the properties. Specifically, I allow the parameters of the observed covariates to vary in space. This approach mitigates one of the biggest deficiencies inherent in hedonic pricing models–omitted variables. I demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method using real estate transaction data from Los Angeles County. The estimation finds a substantial spatial variation of the marginal values of the hedonic characteristics and provides an insight into the segmentation of the market. The proposed method is an extension of semi-parametric multi-dimensional k-nearest-neighbor smoothing. It alleviates a fundamental problem known as the curse of dimensionality by incorporating parametric components into a non-parametric estimation.     

A Critical Assessment of the Theoretical and Empirical Research on German Works Councils

The article reviews the existing English- and German-speaking literature on the German works council. Three major research topics are discussed: the ontology and typologies of works councils; their current practice and transformation; and their economic outcomes. Although much research has been conducted on the internal functioning of the works council–management relationship, it is clear that we still know little about the determinants of different workplace relations and their outcomes. The article concludes by advocating a reviving research interest in the link between codetermination and political democracy.     

基于Hedonic模型的小区房价影响因素研究——以南京市鼓楼区为例

从小区房价的微观影响因素出发,分别从建筑特征、邻里特征、区位特征三个方面确定了10个特征价格变量,运用定量和定性相结合的方法,构建影响南京市鼓楼区小区房价的特征价格模型,并对回归结果进行检验和分析。结果表明:建筑年代、容积率、交通干道等级是影响小区房价弹性的最大因素;主要街道等级是影响小区房价的最主要微观因素。希望通过本文研究给房地产开发商、政府、消费者等在决策和选择上提供借鉴。