中国对东盟机电产品出口贸易波动因素分解——基于恒定市场份额模型

基于UN Comtrade数据库，构建恒定市场份额（CMS）模型，分析2004—2020年中国对东盟市场机电产品出口贸易波动的影响因素。结果表明，整体竞争力效应是中国机电产品出口的主要增长动力，其次是增长效应；而具体竞争力效应限制了中国机电产品的出口增长；产品结构效应和纯二阶效应的影响在促进和抑制之间波动，但对出口增长的影响有限；动态二阶效应逐年下降至负数，对出口增长产生阻碍作用。     

我国的出口商品结构与经济增长——加入WTO前后的比较分析

本文利用1995～2010年的季度数据对我国加入WTO前后出口商品结构与经济增长之间的关系进行了比较分析。协整检验显示,在中国加入WTO之前,初级产品出口、工业制成品出口与经济增长间均为正向相关;加入WTO之后,初级产品出口与经济增长为负相关,工业制成品出口与经济增长则为正相关。格兰杰因果检验则显示,在加入WTO前后,初级产品出口、工业制成品出口与经济增长都互为因果。实证分析结果说明,随着我国加入WTO,我国的外贸环境日益改善,出口商品结构不断优化,这对经济增长产生了很大的推动作用;而经济的持续高增长反过来又极大地促进了出口总量的提高以及出口商品结构的进一步优化。     

技术复杂度偏好与中国出口增长——基于扩展引力模型的分析

基于考虑了消费者技术复杂度偏好的垄断竞争理论模型,本文推导出包含出口国产品技术复杂度水平与进口国人均收入水平的交叉项的扩展引力模型,并以此解释中国出口爆炸式增长。与以往研究强调中国自身供给因素不同,本文从进口国消费者“技术复杂度偏好”这一需求视角重新解读中国出口增长。结论认为出口国产品技术复杂度与进口国收入水平交叉项对双边贸易量具有显著稳健的积极影响;中国出口技术复杂度提升与国外高收入消费者的技术复杂度偏好共同成就了中国出口增长。这意味着,进一步提升出口产品技术复杂度、满足国外消费者不断提升的技术复杂度偏好是实现中国出口可持续增长的可行选择。     

SOUTH AFRICA'S EXPORT PERFORMANCE: DETERMINANTS OF EXPORT SUPPLY

This paper presents both a comparative analysis of South Africa's export structure and performance and an econometric investigation of the determinants of export volumes. The paper finds that the improved growth and diversification of South African manufactured exports during the 1990s lag those of East Asia and a few other resource‐based economies. This performance in part reflects relatively low world growth in resource‐based products, but factors that affect the profitability of export supply, such as the real effective exchange rate, infrastructure costs, tariff rates and skilled labour, are also shown to be important. Export demand and the ability to compete in the export market on the basis of price are not found to be a major constraint to export growth.     

Development in China＇s Foreign Trade： 2003-2012

China＇s foreign trade has entered a new stage, marked by some profound changes since 2003. After 5 years ＇consecutive high growth, China＇s foreign trade experienced a significant slowdown in growth following the onset of the global financial crisis in 2008. The purpose of this article is to present a review of the development in China＇s foreign trade over the past l O years, and to explore important changes that have taken place during this period of time. A majorfinding of the presentpaper is that the traditional forces driving the high export growth in China, that is, low-cost labor, low-cost resources and low-cost money, have been disappearing. The policy implication is that over the next l O-15 years, the most important conditions for sustaining high export growth will be promoting the development and export of private enterprises in traditional heaw industries and high-technology industries, and relying on technological progress and high produc6vity to propel export expansion.     

Relaxing Export Supply Capacity Constraints and Promoting Export Expansion and Diversification in Africa: The Role of Special Export Development Strategies

Abstract: This paper examines the role of several export development strategies in relaxing export supply capacity constraints and promoting export expansion and diversification in Africa. It starts with a review of the analysis and recommendations in Can Africa Claim the 21st Century? ( World Bank, 2000 ) and an identification of subsisting supply obstacles. This forms the background against which the paper discusses changes in the growth, structure and destination of African exports during 2000–2005; explores the use of export development strategies (such as supply chain management, networks and clusters, as well as branding); and discusses the enhancement of market access of African exports regionally and globally. The paper concludes with an analysis of the prospects for relaxing Africa's export supply response capacity constraints and the feasibility/viability of the suggested strategies for expanding and diversifying the region's exports.     

中国出口贸易隐含碳排放增长因素分析:基于LMDI

本文构建了一个出口贸易隐含碳排放恒等式,运用LMDI分解技术,对中国1997～2007年出口贸易隐含碳排放从产业层面和贸易伙伴层面进行了分解。结果表明:出口总量的扩张是中国出口贸易隐含碳排放持续高速增长的最主要因素,排放强度的降低是抑制隐含碳排放增长最主要因素,出口结构变化对隐含碳排放的影响有限,潜力还没有发挥出来。在短期内,通过提高能源利用效率降低排放强度是中国抑制出口中隐含碳排放增长的有效途径;从长远来看,出口结构的调整升级则是可行的选择。     

Basic needs: The case of Sri Lanka

This article has two related objectives: to judge Sri Lanka's success in meeting its ‘basic needs’ and growth objectives, and to use Sri Lanka's experience to cast light on general hypotheses regarding basic needs. The analysis suggests that Sri Lanka's social expenditures had a substantial cost in growth and unemployment. However, largely because of these social programmes, it has the best social indicators, compared to its income, of any country for which data are available. Its growth has, surprisingly, been above average for low-income countries. Implications for basic-needs programmes include the need to ‘target’ social programmes, the high priority of primary education and the potential high impact, but also high costs, of assuring minimum caloric intakes.     

Indonesia's Non-Oil Export Performance During the Economic Crisis: Distinguishing Price Trends from Quantity Trends

Despite an enormous currency depreciation, the growth rate of Indonesia's non-oil exports, measured in dollars, did not accelerate during the first two years of the Asian crisis. In fact, during the second year of the crisis non-oil export value dropped sharply. This paper demonstrates that the main reason for the decline in the dollar value of non-oil exports was a collapse of export prices. Non-oil export dollar prices fell 26% between the second quarter of 1997 and the second quarter of 1999. Measured at constant prices, non-oil exports grew 24% and manufactured exports 31% during this period. Non-oil import prices fell by roughly the same amount as non-oil export prices during the crisis, with little change in the non-oil terms of trade. The decline in the price of traded goods significantly reduced the magnitude of the real exchange rate depreciation experienced by Indonesia.     

东道国基础设施质量对中国进出口贸易的影响——基于“一带一路”沿线51个国家的实证分析

基础设施建设是经济社会发展的重要支撑,对国家经贸关系进一步发展具有桥梁作用。基于“一带一路”沿线51个国家2011—2019年面板数据,构建拓展引力模型实证分析东道国基础设施质量分别对中国进口与出口的影响。研究发现：东道国基础设施质量会显著促进中国的进口与出口贸易,但对中国进口贸易促进作用强于出口,且东道国GDP增长促进了中国进口与出口贸易增加,其对中国进口贸易促进作用大于出口;而东道国与中国的地理距离对中国进口贸易限制作用大于出口,东道国与中国为邻国、与中国具有共同语言及签订自由贸易协定会推动中国对其进出口贸易增长。在此基础上,提出促进中国与沿线国家进出口贸易的对策建议。     

The evolution of value added in assembly operations: the case of China and Mexico

China and Mexico embarked, around the early 1980s, on the process of liberalization of trade and FDI and established some export oriented industries through assembly operations with the help of FDI. Both countries had the same objective of increasing value added in export processing industries. The authors examine the comparative achievements of their common objectives in the light of the export oriented strategy hypothesis. Applying the indicators of Revealed Comparative Advantage to exports and imports, the authors show that while there are some similarities in the performance of the two countries, there are also striking differences. Both have managed to increase manufactured exports, particularly in IT products, significantly during 1990s. Both, but particularly China, have developed comparative advantage in export and production of many industries, which had been initiated through import substitution. However, Mexico has achieved little, compared with China, in increasing value added in exports and in developing comparative advantage in production in assembly operations. Further, unlike China, since the early years of the 2010 decade it has not been able to sustain its rapid export growth.     

Impacts of the Doha Round on Brazilian,Chinese and Indian agribusiness

The central themes to be addressed during the Doha Round of the world trade negotiations are the reduction of the agricultural production and export subsidies and improved market access for agricultural and non-agricultural goods. The G-20 group wields enough power to press negotiations at the Doha Round toward lower agricultural trade barriers and production and export subsidies. The objective of this study is to determine the impacts of the Doha Round on the economies of Brazil, China, and India. The Global Trade Analysis Project's (GTAP) general equilibrium model and database (version 7) are used. The Doha Round scenarios simulated in this paper consider the WTO agricultural production and export subsidy reduction requirement, and the application of the Harbinson approach, and Swiss formula to reduce import tariffs. Brazil and China present the highest GDP growth rate varying from 0.4 % to 1.4%. India shows a negative GDP growth rate in all scenarios, except in that which replicates the Uruguay Round. The welfare gains are positive, but small, for Brazil, China and India. The GDP loss observed in the economies of the EU25 and the US may make it difficult to reach a trade agreement at the Doha Round.     

A new look at the effects of export instability on investment and growth

This paper is concerned with the effects of export instability on investment and growth. It is shown that past cross-sectional empirical studies on the effects of export instability (either in prices or in value terms) used an incorrect measure of instability that does not properly take account of the share of exports in GDP. Using a new instability index and a broad set of conditioning variables, it is shown that export instability was positively associated with investment but negatively associated with growth in a large sample of countries during the period from the early 1970s to the mid 1980s.     

How dependent is the Chinese economy on exports and in what sense has its growth been export-led?

This paper studies the interaction between foreign trade and domestic demand and supply in China's economic transformation. It compares China's export dependency with other economies using input–output analysis. The paper also conducts econometric analysis of provincial level data to examine causality between the growth of foreign trade and components of domestic demand, and causality between the growth of foreign trade and total factor productivity. The main message is that China's export dependency is significantly lower than implied by the headline exports-to-GDP ratio. Moreover, the contribution of export to economic growth in China came mainly from its impact on total factor productivity growth from a supply perspective rather than its multiplier effect from a demand perspective. This relationship was found to be stronger in the more developed coastal areas than in the less developed inland areas.     

Big business in Sweden: The golden age of the great Swedish shipyards, 1945–1974

Abstract

This article examines the great Swedish shipyards during the long period of expansion and transformation which lasted from the end of the Second World War to the beginning of the shipping crisis in 1974. It aims to try to explain the successes achieved during this period of growth. Swedish shipbuilding's character as an export industry was linked to the rapidly growing international oil economy and the building of tankers which created enormous opportunities for development. The tanker vessel's simple hull, along with the requirement of tightness, brought an early orientation towards welding and sectional building. The demand for ever-larger vessels resulted in the alignment of production systems towards such construction. The consequences of this are studied in terms of markets, financing problems, investment. production technology and the role ofthe state.     

中国机电产品出口增长的二元边际

本文利用2003～2009年中国机电产品HS-6位出口数据及Hummels和Klenow(2005)的二元分解方法客观分析了中国机电产品出口的二元边际,认为中国对主要贸易伙伴的出口增长主要是来自集约边际的贡献。进一步将集约边际分解发现,出口增长实质来源于数量扩张,价格的贡献微弱,说明机电产品"以量取胜"的模式尚未根本改变。另外,以实证分析方法考察了不同因素对二元边际的影响机制,研究结果显示,各因素对二元边际的作用方向基本一致,但对两种边际影响最为显著的因素是不同的,这表明政策的制定也应当有不同的倾向性。     

Product differentiation,export participation and productivity growth: Evidence from Chinese manufacturing firms

In this paper, we investigate how the degree of export participation and product differentiation affect firms' productivity growth through learning-by-exporting. We extend the model of Melitz and Ottaviano (2008) to endogenize the effort firms allocate to learning. This effort choice depends on both the degree to which firms enter export markets and the extent to which products are differentiated across producers. Using a firm-level dataset from China's manufacturing industries, we implement propensity score matching methods to test the model's predictions. Our results indicate that the degree of export participation is positively correlated with TFP improvements. Simultaneously, we empirically verify that firms exporting less differentiated products experience faster TFP growth than those exporting more differentiated products.     

金融危机与福建出口贸易发展的稳定性分析——基于福建和江苏的比较研究

入世以来,较之于江苏出口贸易的强劲发展势头,福建则表现出明显的增长乏力特征。在国际金融危机期间,相对于江苏而言,福建的出口贸易遭受冲击的程度相对小些。研究表明,在中国融入经济全球化程度逐步加深的今天,出口波动性小的地区的贸易发展并不意味着一定优于出口波动性大的。     

China's FDI and non-FDI economies and the sustainability of future high Chinese growth

This paper presents and assesses of the contribution of inward FDI to China's recent rapid economic growth using a two stage growth accounting approach. Recent econometric literature focuses on testing whether Chinese growth depends on inward FDI rather than measuring the contribution. Foreign Invested Enterprises (FIEs), often (but not exclusively) are joint ventures between foreign companies and Chinese enterprises, and can be thought of as forming a distinctive subpart of the Chinese economy. These enterprises account for over 50% of China's exports and 60% of China's imports. Their share in Chinese GDP has been over 20% in the last two years, but they employ only 3% of the workforce, since their average labor productivity exceeds that of Non-FIEs by around 9:1. Their production is more heavily for export rather than the domestic market because FIEs provide access to both distribution systems abroad and product design for export markets. Our decomposition results indicate that China's FIEs may have contributed over 40% of China's economic growth in 2003 and 2004, and without this inward FDI, China's overall GDP growth rate could have been around 3.4 percentage points lower. We suggest that the sustainability of both China' export and overall economic growth may be questionable if inward FDI plateaus in the future.     

金融发展、融资约束与中国本土企业出口绩效——基于省际面板数据的经验研究

通过纾缓融资约束提高企业出口能力是开放条件下金融发展影响一国(地区)经济增长的重要渠道之一。本文利用1999～2006年省际面板数据,构建衡量金融发展的综合指标体系,运用系统广义矩估计方法进行实证研究发现:我国金融发展有限地促进了本土企业的出口增长;尽管非国有本土企业和中小企业对出口贡献呈上升趋势,但难以从正规金融体系中获取充分的融资支持,国有银行寡头垄断的金融市场结构抑制了本土企业出口绩效的持续增进。本文得出的政策建议是进一步深化金融改革,为企业改善贸易竞争力提供合理有效的外部环境。