The Impact of Energy Prices on Growth and Welfare in a Developing Open Economy

This paper analyzes the impact of an increase in the price of energy (oil) on the growth and welfare of a small developing economy. We consider the extent to which the impacts of energy price shocks depend upon the economy’s internal production structure and its access to the world financial market. We find that the effect on the long-run growth rate depends heavily on the former and is independent of the latter. The effect of accessibility to the world financial market on long-run welfare depends heavily on the elasticity of substitution in production. We supplement the formal analysis with numerical simulations, thereby enabling us to characterize the short-run dynamics. Overall, the simulations can replicate much of the empirical evidence used to characterize the effects of the recent oil price increases on the economy. They also highlight the sensitivity of the effect of the energy price to the elasticity of substitution.     

An empirical analysis of the unit labor cost-product price relation in the U.S. economy

This article tests for cointegration between unit labor costs and the level of product prices in four sectors of the U.S. economy: the aggregate business sector, the nonfinancial corporate sector, durable manufacturing, and nondurable manufacturing. A finding of cointegration for most specifications supports the existence of long-run labor market equilibrium for producers and suggests estimation of error-correction models to examine the dynamic relationships. In every sector except nondurable manufacturing, error-correction model estimates indicate there is a mutual feedback relationship between unit labor costs and prices. Controlling for deviations from full employment, oil price shocks, and the Nixon wage and price controls, the results also provide evidence of significant nominal wage indexation in U.S. labor markets. Throughout the economy there appears to exist both effective neoclassical wage and price adjustment mechanisms to maintain labor market equilibrium and short-run rigidities which may contribute to deviations from full employment outcomes.     

高油价对我国经济的影响及对策

近几个月以来,国际石油价格呈现出持续快速上升势头,油价的快速上涨,使得油价问题成为全球关注的焦点,给高速发展的中国经济产生了较大影响。目前,国际金融危机还在持续,世界经济前景不确定性犹在,因此,深入研究高油价对我国国民经济的影响,提出有效的降低高油价冲击的策略,对减缓国际金融危机的影响,保证我国国民经济稳定、持续增长具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

能源价格上涨对我国物价的影响研究

能源价格的变动对国民经济发展以及人民生活都有很大的影响。本文以我国2007年42部门投入产出表为数据基础,采用投入产出价格影响模型,分别分析当油价上涨20%、电价上涨10%时对41个部门产品价格的影响程度,并在此基础上分析对物价总水平、生产者物价指数水平及居民消费品价格水平变动的影响。     

高油价对亚洲经济和石油安全机制的影响

2007年以来,国际市场石油价格持续攀升,一年多的时间里涨幅超过了50%。在目前中东局势持续恶化的影响下,国际石油价格将在很长一段时期内维持在较高的价位。当前国际石油市场油价的坚挺,不仅对全球经济的影响进一步增大,而且对国际石油安全机制的影响也进一步突出,尤其是对亚洲地区的影响更为明显。     

日本规避石油价格风险的数字化解读

21世纪初油价攀升并未给日本造成像石油危机时期那样的严重冲击,其主要原因是日本在石油的“量”和“质”等方面有了很大变化。“量”分为“减量”和“增量”两个层面。“减量”是指日本通过调整能源消费结构等措施,相应“弱化”和“缓冲”油价上涨风险;“增量”是指日本通过海外能源投资以及加大石油自主开发等措施部分“对冲”和“转嫁”油价上涨风险。“质”是指日本通过诸措施提升石油利用率,从而相应“舒缓”和“稀释”油价上涨风险。     

Elasticity of demand for relative petroleum inventory in the short run

To better understand petroleum markets, the authors established the importance of the deviation of inventory levels away from a normal level, where the normal level is comprised of seasonal movement and a general trend. Since supply and demand for petroleum are less elastic to price in the short run than is inventory, it is this deviation or relative inventory level that plays the role of absorbing unexpected shifts in demand and supply. They demonstrated theoretically that the demand for relative inventory must be negatively related to price. They estimated the relative inventory levels and associated short-run price elasticity for several OECD countries and groups of countries, and found that short-run price elasticity of demand for relative inventory is negative and statistically significant, supporting the theoretical arguments.This work is partially sponsored by the Office of Strategic Petroleum Reserve, U.S. Department of Energy, and was presented at the Fifty-Second International Atlantic Economic Conference, Paris, France, March 2002.     

中印石油消费的动态影响因素比较分析

利用中国与印度1970-2009年的实证数据,运用VAR模型,Johansen协整检验和向量误差修正模型等方法,首次对两国的石油价格、经济增长、人口等因素与石油消费的长期关系及短期动态影响进行了比较分析。结果显示:长期中,石油价格与石油消费的弹性关系,印度表现为负,而在中国为正;经济增长对石油消费的影响,中国大于印度;人口对石油消费的影响,印度大于中国。短期中,印度的经济增长和人口对石油消费的影响更显著,石油价格对两国石油消费的影响程度相似。     

国际石油冲击对中国经济的影响——基于国内油价滞后调整框架下的研究

我国越来越依赖国际石油市场,但并不随其变化而及时调整国内油价.这种滞后调整将在国际石油冲击及其治理中扮演什么角色?采用AS-AD框架,我们发现,当国内油价滞后调整时,宏观经济管理当局可以前瞻性地执行调节政策,从而降低石油冲击的不利影响.因为国内油价滞后调整是一种价格黏性,而且能够缩短调节政策本身可能具有的时滞.我们的发现不同于对石油冲击的传统理解,但能够获得基于中美实证分析的支持,有助于增进对完善我国油价定价机制的理解.     

Forward market intervention,endogenous speculation,and exchange rate variability

In a stochastic macroeconomic model, this paper studies the desirability of intervention in the forward exchange market to stabilize the spot rate from the short-run and long-run perspectives. Behavior of forward speculation is endogenized in the light of the Lucas critique. Numerical simulation suggests that such intervention is much less desirable in the long-run than in the short-run. Only when domestic monetary disturbance is present, such intervention may be desirable both in the short-run and in the long-run, provided that price adjustment is sufficiently elastic.     

国内油价高涨的主因——基于VAR的实证分析

近年来．国际原油价格强势上扬，国内原油价格也不断上调。尽管一些学者从国内需求增加和国内外原油价格接轨的角度来说明目前原油和成品油的高位，但这些理论似乎都无法完全解释当前油价暴涨的现象。本文从原油和成品油的市场结构和定价机制出发，基于VAK模型证明了国内油价主要为短线预期带动所致．这种预期从国外传递到国内并导致了国内油价的上涨。因此通过改革油品的定价机制且完善和适当干预国内原油期货交易市场，可以打压这种非理性预期，抑制油价飙升的势头。     

The asymmetric effects of oil price changes on China’s exports: New evidence from a nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag model

China’s dependence on oil imports has greatly increased in recent years. Due to the rapid expansion of global trade, exporting plays an important role in the Chinese economy. This paper uses monthly data from January 2005 to April 2021 to examine the short- and long-term effects of oil price increases and decreases on China’s exports. Our empirical analyses are based on the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model, which can effectively capture asymmetric relations. The empirical results provide significant evidence of asymmetry, such that oil price increases have significantly larger effects than oil price decreases in the long term. Interestingly, we find that energy-intensive exports and some specific sectors (e.g., crude fertilizers, petroleum products, and organic chemicals) benefit from oil price increases. We also observe recent declines in the coal and coke sector following positive oil price shocks due to restrictions on coal consumption.     

Has Greater Competition Restrained U.S. Inflation?

This paper shows how increased goods market competition affects the behavior of inflation in a multisector economy. By raising the price elasticity of demand, increased goods market competition theoretically lowers inflation and makes the aggregate price level less sensitive to aggregate demand shocks. We find that proxies for the aggregate degree of goods market competition are statistically and economically significant in short-run Phillips curve models of core inflation. Evidence indicates that heightened goods market competition has flattened the slope of the short-run, expectations-augmented Phillips curve and slightly lowered the nonaccelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU).     

A nonlinear ARDL model of inflation dynamics in the Philippine economy

This study investigated whether global oil price changes, exchange rate, interest rate, and economic output exert symmetric or asymmetric pass-through effects on inflation in the Philippines. A Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) model was fitted to the observable data using quarterly observations from 1998 to 2019. Knowledge of these relationships is important in monetary policy setting in achieving targeted inflation; the Philippines adopted inflation targeting in 2002. The finding shows that world oil price shocks are still prominent and the most important determinants of inflation variations in the country. There is prima facie evidence on the short-run asymmetry of oil price changes to inflation. Exchange rate pass-through to inflation was very minimal in the short-run, and there is no long-run effect. Evidence that interest rate and demand shocks have a long-run asymmetric effect on inflation was found. These findings imply that monetary policy setting should account for the asymmetric effects of inflation determinants. Study results provide a deeper understanding of how positive and negative changes of inflation determinants affect actual inflation, which aids policymakers in achieving targeted inflation.     

石油价格波动对我国经济的影响

石油作为一种重要能源和资源,广泛应用于各行各业,被誉为经济乃至整个社会的"黑色黄金"、"经济血液"。1973年石油期货出现以前,国际石油价格一直在每桶3美元左右。30多年来国际石油价格一路攀升,2006年7月甚至达到了每桶78美元的"天价"。石油价格的剧烈波动改变着世界政治经济格局,尤其对世界经济的影响日益显著。我国作为当今世界经济发展的重要一员,与世界经济的关联程度日益增强。随着我国经济的快速发展,对石油的需求目益增加,石油的对外依存度不断提高,这就不可避免地受到国际石油价格上涨的影响。因此,认真分析国际石油价格上涨对世界经济和中国经济的影响,提出我国具体的应对措施,对我国经济社会发展和国家安全具有深远的意义。     

The Long-run and Short-run Multipliers of Fiscal Policy in the Chinese Economy

To examine the long-run and short-run multipliers of fiscal policy in China, simple models with some basic characteristics of the Chinese economy are developed and then estimated using cointegration and error correction approaches. Empirical results confirm some similarities between the Chinese economy and well-developed market economies, but also uncover the unique features that China possesses, in terms of the multipliers of permanent and temporary changes in government spending, Okun's coefficient, and the short-run adjustment mechanism.     

The impact of world oil price shocks on macroeconomic variables in Vietnam: the transmission through domestic oil price

This study examines the impact of world oil price shocks on macroeconomic variables in Vietnam with a focus on the transmission channel of domestic oil prices. The Structural Vector Autoregression model with two blocks of real economy variables and monetary variables is employed. The world oil price follows an autoregressive process to reflect the exogenous nature of world oil price shocks to the domestic economy. The retail domestic oil price is determined simultaneously by only the world oil price due to the government's control of the domestic oil market. Using monthly data in the period between 2009 and 2021, the study indicates that a positive shock to world oil prices will increase the domestic oil prices significantly, industrial production (slightly and only statistically significant in the third month after), and inflation (significantly in 8 months). Besides, the domestic oil price is not the only transmission channel of world oil price shocks to the economy. This result implies forecasting, assessing, and controlling the impact of the world oil price shock on the economy should focus on both domestic oil prices and other indirect channels.     

On the vulnerability of the oil and gas industry to oil price changes

Previous studies of oil-price economic activity relationships are dominated by macro-level examination of price effects. This study examines the effect of shocks in oil price and its volatility on the oil and gas extraction industry using a Vector Auto-Regressive (VAR) approach. The results show that, in the short-run, positive price and volatility shocks lead to significant increases in oil and gas activities. However, in the long-run, the industry behaves much like the rest of the U.S. economy—price and volatility shocks produce small or insignificant effects. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 22 ^nd Annual North American Conference of the U.S.A. Energy Economics/International Association of Energy Economics Conference, Vancouver, British Columbia. The authors acknowledge the editorial assistance of Versa Stickle.     

油价波动对新疆相关行业的影响

原油作为重要的基础能源在国民经济各行业中被广泛应用。石油工业是新疆工业的第一大支柱产业,新疆石油工业总产值已占全疆GDP总量的50%以上,对整个经济的发展起着至关重要的作用。自2005年以来,我国已先后对成品油价进行八次调整,提价频率之高、上涨幅度之大,使得以石油为能源或原材料的相关行业的产品价格受到影响。本文就当前石油价格的持续上涨对新疆相关行业的影响程度进行了分析,并提出了几点对策和建议。     

Problems of indexation in financially liberalized less developed economies

This paper constructs a short-run, dynamic model of a newly-liberalized less developed economy, and uses it to examine the policy options with respect to the indexation of key macro-economic variables. It concludes that ‘full indexation’ of the exchange rate, wage rate, and deposit rate of interest is likely to prove dynamically beneficial to the economy, provided that at the same time the monetary base is manipulated so as to maintain steady-state price stability.