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1.
Synopsis It has been difficult to make progress in the study of ethnicity and nationalism because of the multiple confusions of analytic
and lay terms, and the sheer lack of terminological standardization (often even within the same article). This makes a conceptual
cleaning-up unavoidable, and it is especially salutary to attempt it now that more economists are becoming interested in the
effects of identity on behavior, so that they may begin with the best conceptual tools possible. My approach to these questions
has been informed by anthropological and evolutionary-psychological questions. I will focus primarily on the terms ‘ethnic
group’, ‘nation’, and ‘nationalism’, and I will make the following points: (1) so-called ‘ethnic groups’ are collections of
people with a common cultural identity, plus an ideology of membership by descent and normative endogamy; (2) the ‘group’
in ‘ethnic group’ is a misleading misnomer—these are not ‘groups’ but categories, so I propose to call them ‘ethnies’; (3) ‘nationalism’ mostly refers to the recent ideology that ethnies—cultural communities
with a self-conscious ideology of self-sufficient reproduction—be made politically sovereign; (4) it is very confusing to
use ‘nationalism’ also to stand for ‘loyalty to a multi-ethnic state’ because this is the exact opposite; (5) a ‘nation’ truly
exists only in a politician’s imagination, so analysts should not pretend that establishing whether something ‘really’ is
or is not ‘a nation’ matters; (6) a big analytic cost is paid every time an ‘ethnie’ is called a ‘nation’ because this mobilizes
the intuition that nationalism is indispensable to ethnic organization (not true), which thereby confuses the very historical
process—namely, the recent historical emergence of nationalism—that must be explained; (7) another analytical cost is paid
when scholars pretend that ethnicity is a form of kinship—it is not. 相似文献
2.
Translator's note: In this article Robert Bayer introduces thenotion regulation as a key concept in analysesof the labour market. The term refers to the balance of social,institutional and economic forces which characte rise at a particulartime the economic system as a whole or particular parts of it.I considered translating regulation as order,regime, system or formation;but these terms are either too static or already bear inappropriateconnotations. It was therefore decided to retain the Frenchexpression in the English text. 相似文献
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This paper examines three approaches to the process of accumulationwhich are based on the Keynesian premise: theneo-Keynesian, the Kaleckian andthe Sraffian. Making some criticisms of the firsttwo from the viewpoint of the third and from a certain formal/conceptualperspective, we propose a synthetic model which is free fromthese criticisms and in which the adjustment of savings to investmentin the long period is achieved through all the three routesemphasised separately by these approaches: changes in the long-perioddegree of utilisation; changes in the normal distributionof income; and variations in the size of productive capacity.The key to the synthesis is the hypothesis that, in the longperiod, the normal degree of utilisation is endogenouslydetermined to coincide with the average level through mutualinfluence effected by investment in the short period. Our syntheticmodel, like the first two approaches, is in the line of steady-stateanalysis, but in a way compatible with the Keynesianpremise. 相似文献
5.
What ethical criterion for intergenerational justice should be adopted, e.g., when faced with the task of managing the global
environment? Koopmans’ axiomatization of discounted utilitarianism is based on seemingly compelling conditions, yet this criterion
leads to hard-to-justify outcomes. The present analysis considers a class of sustainable recursive social welfare functions
within Koopmans’ general framework. This class is axiomatized by means of a weak equity condition (“Hammond Equity for the
Future”) and general existence is established. Any member of the class satisfies the key axioms of Chichilnisky’s “sustainable
preferences”. The analysis singles out one of Koopmans’ original separability conditions (his Postulate 3′a), here called
“Independent Present”, as particularly questionable from an ethical perspective. 相似文献
6.
The process and a simple logic of ‘meso’. Emergence and the co-evolution of institutions and group size 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Wolfram Elsner 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2010,20(3):445-477
‘Summing-up’ aggregation of micro decisions contrasts with structural emergence in complex systems and evolutionary processes.
This paper deals with institutional emergence in the ‘evolution of cooperation’ framework and focuses on its size dimension.
It is argued that some ‘meso’ (rather than ‘macro’) level is the proper level of cultural emergence and reproduction. Also
Schumpeterian economists have discussed institutions as ‘meso’ phenomena recently, and Schelling, Axelrod, Arthur, Lindgren,
and others have dealt with ‘critical masses’ of coordinated agents and emergent segregations. However, emergent group size
has rarely been explicitly explored so far. In an evolutionary and game-theoretic frame, ‘meso’ is explained in terms of a
sustainably cooperating group smaller than the whole population. Mechanisms such as some monitoring, memory, reputation, and
active partner selection loosen the total connectivity of the static and deterministic ‘single-shot’ logic and thus allow
for emergent ‘meso’ platforms, while expectations ‘to meet again’ remain sufficiently high. Applications of ‘meso-nomia’ include
the deep structure of ‘general trust’ and macro-performance in ‘smaller’ and ‘well networked’ countries which helps to explain
persistent ‘varieties of capitalism’. 相似文献
7.
Increasing foreign direct investment (FDI) flows accompanied with globalization have raised the concern of a “race to the
bottom” phenomenon in environmental protection. This is because footloose investors of “dirty” industries tend to relocate
to “pollution havens” of the developing world. However when pollutant is transboundary (as in the case of greenhouse gases),
the source country’s incentive to relocate and the recipient country’s willingness to host such industries are not straightforward.
This article studies the relationship between FDI and environmental regulation using a North–South market share game model
in a two-country setting, when pollution is transboundary. Contrary to the pollution haven hypothesis, our model shows that
if market sizes of the two countries are small, FDI will raise the emission standard of the host country, resulting in a “race-to-the-top”
phenomenon; but if market sizes are large enough, FDI will not change the emission standard of the South (from its laxest
form), a finding that is consistent with the “regulatory chill” argument. Equilibrium FDI is contingent on the fixed cost
of FDI, as the traditional proximity–concentration tradeoff theory predicts. 相似文献
8.
Schumpeter formulated a ‘conduct model’ of entrepreneurial behaviour. Received wisdom has emphasised the economic functions
of Schumpeter’s entrepreneur, neglecting behavioural aspects. Schumpeter’s model is examined; it posits a continuum of behaviours
which are ‘entrepreneurial’, that rely on socially situated, tacit knowledge and are expressions of conscious, subjective
rationality. Schumpeter’s model excluded unconscious optimisation and decision rules derived from bounded rationality. Comparisons
are drawn with modern neoclassical, Austrian, and the older behavioural characterisations of entrepreneurial behaviour. The
newer ‘effectuation’ model of entrepreneurial behaviour is also contrasted with Schumpeter’s approach. We find, among other
things, that modern Schumpeterian economics associated with Nelson and Winter is not a natural continuation of Schumpeter’s
model. However, some developments in neo-Schumpeterian economics, including the effectuation model deriving from the older
behavioural tradition, are congruent with both the original ‘conduct model’ and Schumpeter’s directions for further research. 相似文献
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John Marangos 《Forum for Social Economics》2011,40(1):119-137
The “transition” process in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union (EEFSU) was one of the most dramatic non-marginal adjustments
in economic systems ever experienced. During the transition process, elements of centrally administered socialism and embryonic
market relations co-existed. This made traditional economic theory irrelevant. The purpose of this paper is to discover policy
concerns and outcomes that orthodox “transition” literature ignores. Stanfield’s contribution to the economic literature,
a cultural-holistic approach of radical institutionalism, makes it possible to understand the “transition” process from a
new and more enlightened perspective. Stanfield provides a better understanding of the complexities involved, since the nature
of change in the EEFSU is social and ever-lasting, not an end-state in the form of “transition”. Students of transition and
of international development would benefit from this novel approach, which dismisses “transition” and substitutes “social
change”, as the proper designation and manifestation of what actually took place in EEFSU. 相似文献
11.
Peter A. Corning 《Journal of Bioeconomics》2007,9(2):109-144
Synopsis Synergy – here defined as otherwise unattainable combined effects that are produced by two or more elements, parts or individuals
– has played a key causal role in the evolution of complexity, from the very origins of life to the evolution of humankind
and complex societies. This theory – known as the ‘Synergism Hypothesis’ – also applies to social behavior, including the
use of collective violence for various purposes: predation, defense against predators, the acquisition of needed resources
and the defense of these resources against other groups and species. Among other things, there have been (1) synergies of
scale, (2) cost and risk sharing, (3) a division of labor (or, better said, a ‘combination of labor’), (4) functional complementarities,
(5) information sharing and collective ‘intelligence’, and (6) tool and technology ‘symbioses’. Many examples can be seen
in the natural world – from predatory bacteria like Myxococcus xanthus to social insects like the predatory army ants and the colonial raiders Messor pergandei, mobbing birds like the common raven, cooperative pack-hunting mammals like wolves, wild dogs, hyenas and lions, coalitions
of mate-seeking and mate-guarding male dolphins, the well-armed troops of savanna baboons, and, closest to humans, the group-hunting,
group-raiding and even ‘warring’ communities of chimpanzees. Equally significant, there is reason to believe that various
forms of collective violence were of vital importance to our own ancestors’ transition, over several million years, from an
arboreal, frugivorous, mostly quadrupedal ape to a world-traveling, omnivorous, large-brained, tool-dependent, loquacious
biped. The thesis that warfare is not a recent ‘historical’ invention will be briefly reviewed in this paper. This does not
mean that humans are, after all, ‘killer apes’ with a reflexive blood-lust or an aggressive ‘drive’. The biological, psychological
and cultural underpinnings of collective violence are far more subtle and complex. Most important, the incidence of collective
violence – in nature and human societies alike – is greatly influenced by synergies of various kinds, which shape the ‘bioeconomic’
benefits, costs and risks. Synergy is a necessary (but not sufficient) causal agency. Though there are notable exceptions
(and some significant qualifiers), collective violence is, by and large, an evolved, synergy-driven instrumentality in humankind,
not a mindless instinct or a reproductive strategy run amok.
相似文献
12.
Recently, qualitative and comparatively simple positive research on tax revenue increase faster than that of GDP are mostly
based upon some factors, such as economic growth, levy technology enhancement, difference between structure of GDP and that
of tax, excessive increase of high-tax industries due to local governments’ land-leasing behavior, etc. We firstly develop
a theoretical model and responding algorithm about this phenomenon based on industry structure and their tax burden. Our model
explicitly takes into account every industry’s contribution to this phenomenon. We attempt to provide a path for explaining
tax revenue increase faster than GDP increase and suggestion for forecasting the change of macro-tax burden.
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Translated from Shuliang Jingji Jishu Jingji Yanjiu 数量经济技术经济研究 (The Journal of Quantitative & Technical Economics), 2008, (10): 108–118 相似文献
13.
Kurt Dopfer 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2012,22(1):133-160
The paper starts from Schumpeter’s proposition that entrepreneurs carry out innovations (the micro level), that swarms of
followers imitate them (meso) and that, as a consequence, ‘creative destruction’ leads to economic development ‘from within’
(macro). It is argued that Schumpeter’s approach can be developed into a new—more general—micro-meso-macro framework in economics. Center stage is meso. Its essential characteristic is bimodality, meaning that one idea (the generic rule) can be physically actualized by many
agents (a population). Ideas can relate to others, and, in this way, meso constitutes a structure component of a ‘deep’ invisible macro structure. Equally, the rule actualization process unfolds over time—modelled in the paper as
a meso trajectory with three phases of rule origination, selective adoption and retention—and here meso represents a process component of a visible ‘surface’ structure. The macro measure with a view to the appropriateness of meso components is generic correspondence.
At the level of ideas, its measure is order; at that of actual relative adoption frequencies, it is generic equilibrium. Economic
development occurs at the deep level as transition from one generic rule to another, inducing a change of order, and, at the
surface level, as the new rule is adopted, destroying an old equilibrium and establishing a new one. 相似文献
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15.
Günther Rehme 《Journal of Economics》2007,91(1):1-40
Many models show that redistribution is bad for growth. This paper argues that in a non-cooperative world optimizing, redistributing
(“left-wing”) governments mimic non-redistributing (“right-wing”) policies for fear of capital loss if capital markets become
highly integrated and the countries are technologically similar. “Left-right” competition leads to more redistribution and
lower GDP growth than “left-left” competition. Efficiency differences allow for higher GDP growth and more redistribution than one's opponent. Irrespective of efficiency differences, however, “left-wing” governments have higher
GDP growth when competing with other “left-wing” governments. The results may explain why one observes a positive correlation
between redistribution and growth across countries, and why capital inflows and current account deficits may be good for relatively
high growth. 相似文献
16.
Dimitrios Xefteris 《Constitutional Political Economy》2011,22(3):221-237
Constitutions are multidimensional objects with non-trivial implications on the structure of the political environment and,
therefore, on the policy outcomes. This paper models constitutions as sets of “restraints” on the authority’s choice freedom
(absolute and democracy restraints). We argue that even if both kinds of restraints seem to be serving the same purpose (increase
social welfare), “democracy restraints” prolong the “life” of a constitution while “absolute restraints” not. We moreover
use the proposed way of modelling constitutions in order to explain the dominance of intermediate (in terms of tightness of
“democracy restraints”) constitutions in the real world. 相似文献
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Frédéric Lordon 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》1997,7(1):1-21
The slow and endogenous twist of economic macro-structure makes up an important evolutionary feature of capitalist economies,
and may be at the root of structural crisis. In this line, a Goodwinian growth model with increasing returns and profit-sharing
that tries to picture a simple scenario of the seventies crisis is considered. It is shown that the exhaustion of the Kaldor-Verdoorn
“productivity law” can entail, in a nonlinear framework, a “catastrophic” bifurcation from a “high” to a “low” growth path.
Slow/fast dynamical systems then allow one to formalize a multiple time-scales dynamics where the growth path is shaped by
the structural framework in which it takes place, but has also a long -un feedback. Structural change and crisis appear as
long term and endogenous outcomes. 相似文献
20.
Darwinism in economics: from analogy to ontology 总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19
Geoffrey M. Hodgson 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(3):259-281
Several social scientists, including ‘evolutionary economists’, have expressed scepticism of ‘biological analogies’ and rejected
the application of ‘Darwinism’ to socio-economic evolution. Among this group, some have argued that self-organisation is an
alternative to biological analogies or Darwinism. Others have seen ‘artificial selection’ as an alternative to natural selection
in the socio-economic sphere. Another objection is that Darwinism excludes human intentionality. It is shown that all these
objections to ‘biological analogies’ and ‘Darwinism’ are ungrounded. Furthermore, Darwinism includes a broad theoretical framework
for the analysis of the evolution of all open, complex systems, including socio-economic systems. Finally and crucially, Darwinism
also involves a basic philosophical commitment to detailed, cumulative, causal explanations. For these reasons, Darwinism
is fully relevant for economics and an adequate evolutionary economics must be Darwinian, at least in these fundamental senses.
However, this does not undermine the need for auxiliary theories and explanations in the economic domain. 相似文献