Contemporary protectionism and exports of developing countries

This paper is an investigation of recent changes in trade protection in developed countries and the implications for developing countries. Special attention is paid to the question of why flexible exchange rates have not removed the demands for commercial policy for balance-of-payments purposes, and why adjustment assistance schemes do not eliminate claims for protection from industry disruption. It is argued that there is a ‘hardening’ of protectionist measures with an increasing reliance on price controls, quantity controls and domestic subsidies. While an effort is made to avoid raising false alarms, particularly in recessionary times, the general conclusion that emerges is that the sources and nature of contemporary protection are such that the developing countries have reason for considerable concern about the state of commercial policy.     

Determinants of structural change in food exports from developing countries

Over the past three decades, there has been a rapid expansion of processed food exports, replacing traditional agriculture exports such as coffee and tea. However, this development and its policy implications have received little attention in the literature. This paper provides an overview of key characteristics and growth patterns of processed food exports in developing countries. The determinants of structural change towards processed food exports in developing countries are examined using panel data econometric analysis. The results suggest that trade policy openness, large domestic markets, good macroeconomic management—especially in terms of price stability—adequate financial support and infrastructure are the key factors influencing the shift towards processed food exports.     

"非市场经济国家"地位对我国出口的影响

我国的“非市场经济国家”地位是在反倾销案中屡屡败诉的重要原因，也成为一些国家针对中国实行贸易保护主义时最常用的武器。本文从“非市场经济国家”这一概念及在反倾销中的作用入手，分析了“非市场经济国家”地位给我国外贸造成的危害、我国的市场经济程度以及积极应对措施等问题。     

应对发展中国家反倾销的哲学思辨

哲学思辨性是一种关于事物普遍本质的辨证理论,能揭示事物的发展规律。伴随着全球经济一体化的进程和后金融危机的影响,发展中国家将反倾销作为贸易保护主义的重要手段,对华反倾销呈现出增长趋势。本文基于发展中国家对我国反倾销的现状,运用哲理的逻辑、辨析的思维方式,探索对华反倾销的成因和规避反倾销的对策。     

Effects of overseas production on home country exports: Evidence based on Swedish multinationals

Effects of Overseas Production on Home Country Exports: Evidence Based on Swedish Multinationals. —Using unique data on Swedish multinationals 1974–1990, the impacts of overseas production on parent exports are analyzed. Two methodological applications are introduced: (i) In order to avoid sample selection bias, the model includes also countries to which the firm exports, but has not established any affiliates; (ii) the effect of affiliate exports to “third countries” is incorporated. The results suggest that increased foreign production both replaces exports of finished goods and attracts intermediate goods from the parent. In contrast to previous studies, the net effect is negative, albeit significant only in the case of affiliate exports in the EC.     

Rules of origin and exports in developing economies: The case of garment products

Relaxing restrictive rules of origin (ROO) in preferential market access can promote exports in developing economies by improving input sourcing flexibility, but actual ROO impacts remain an empirical question. This paper examines the European Union’s trade preferences, where origin requirements for knit and woven garment products were relaxed for beneficiaries in the Interim Economic Partnership Agreements (IEPA) from 2008 and for those in the Everything But Arms (EBA) scheme from 2011, respectively. The results show that ROO liberalization had little aggregate impact on knit and woven garment exports in IEPA beneficiaries, but increased the export values of woven garments in EBA beneficiaries by 36.3% during the post-period. Among EBA beneficiaries, duty-free imports of woven garments from Bangladesh and Cambodia into the EU increased sharply after ROO liberalization. These countries increased imported fabric from China, consistent with the theoretical prediction of ROO impacts. Thus, the impact of ROO on exports is heterogeneous across products and countries.     

An analysis of demand and supply factors in agricultural exports from developing Asian countries

Zusammenfassung Eine Analyse von Angebots- und Nachfragefaktoren bei Agrarexporten aus asiatischen Entwicklungsl?ndern. — Bei der Ausarbeitung ihrer Ausfuhrpolitik legen viele Entwicklungsl?nder vor allem auf die F?rderung von Industrieexporten Wert, w?hrend sie den M?glichkeiten kontinuierlicher Entwicklung und Diversifizierung der Ausfuhr von Agrarprodukten und anderen Rohstoffen nur wenig Aufmerksamkeit schenken. Die Wahl dieser Politik ist haupts?chlich aus dem traditionellen Pessimismus hinsichtlich der Exporte von Grundstoffen entstanden, der für eine auf Exporterfolge ausgerichtete Angebotspolitik wenig Raum lie\. Hier wird nun diese pessimistische Haltung an Hand der Exporterfahrungen von sieben asiatischen L?ndern, die traditionelle Agrarprodukte ausführen, überprüft. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, da\ die Exportleistung einzelner L?nder st?rker von ihrer Angebotspolitik als von ?nderungen in der Weltnachfrage bestimmt wird.

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Résumé Une analyse des facteurs de demande et de l'offre pour les exportations agricoles des pays de l’Asie en voie de développement. — En formulant la politique d'exportation, beaucoup de pays en voie de développement attachent une grande valeur à la promotion de l’exportation des produits industriels pendant qu’ils paient une attention insuffisante aux opportunités pour un développement continu et une diversification des exportations agricoles (ou d'autres matières premières). Cette politique s’est développée principalement d’un pessimisme qui existe depuis longtemps à l’égard des exportations premières et laisse peu de place pour des politiques de l’offre avec lesquelles on peut stimuler les exportations. Il est le but de cette étude d’examiner cette vue pessimiste à l’égard de l’expérience des exportations de 7 pays asiatiques qui exportent traditionnellement des produits agricoles. Les résultats montrent que les politiques de l’offre ont une plus grande importance que des changements de la demande mondiale pour la performance des exportations des pays individuels.

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Resumen Un análisis de factores de demanda y oferta en las exportaciones agropecuarias de países en desarrollo asiáticos. — En la formulación de la politica de exportaciones muchos paises en desarrollo ponen gran énfasis en la promotion de exportaciones manufactureras, mientras que prestan poca atención a las oportunidades para continuar desarrollando y diversificando las exportaciones agropecuarias (y otras primarias). Esta decisión de politica nace generalmente del traditional pesimismo frente a las exportaciones primarias, que déjà poco espacio para que medidas en favor de la oferta tengan éxito en fomentar las exportaciones. La intención de esta trabajo es examinar este enfoque pesimista a la luz de la experiencia exportadora de siete países asiáticos que tradicionalmente exportan productos agropecuarios. Los resultados sugieren que, al determinar la performance exportadora de un pais, las politicas en favor de la oferta adquieren mayor peso que los cambios en la demanda mundial.

     

The effect of exchange rate changes on Japanese consumption exports

This paper investigates how exchange rates affect Japanese exports. This is difficult because many of Japan's exports are used to produce goods for re-export. An appreciation in the importing country that decreases exports can decrease its imported inputs from Japan. To avoid this bias we examine consumption exports. Using a panel dataset of Japan's consumption exports to 17 countries over the 1988–2009 period, we find exchange rate elasticities of about one. These results indicate that the large swings in the value of the yen over the last decade have caused large swings in the volume of Japanese exports.     

流出外国直接投资与发展中国家跨国公司竞争力

近年来,发展中国家流出外国直接投资增长迅猛。本文系统地分析了发展中国家流出外国直接投资跨国公司的绩效,并以经验证据论证了流出FDI有助于提高发展中国家跨国公司竞争力。最后,针对我国的流出外国直接投资的具体情况,提出了政策建议。     

发展中国家加强知识产权保护的成本—收益分析

发展中国家对知识产权保护一度曾采取回避、抵制的态度,最终认识到要在日益全球化的国际经济中取得主动地位,加强知识产权保护是势在必行的。因此目前发展中国家迫切需要相关的经济研究以确切估量加强知识产权保护的实际效应。有鉴于此,本文通过对发展中国家加强知识产权保护     

新巴塞尔协议对发展中国家资本流入的影响

2004年6月经过长达6年艰难国际谈判和三稿意见征询的新资本协议的出台，在国际金融领域引起广泛的关注和争议。本文把视角从金融界普遍关注的“新协议对银行金融风险监管的影响”转向“新协议对发展中国家资本流入的影响”。指出这部由发达国家倡导的风险协议在促进银行业风险管理的同时，也给包括我国在内的广大发展中国家的资本流入带来了不利影响，从而以一个新的角度对新巴塞尔协议的影响作出分析与评价。     

Multi-product firms and exporting: a developing country perspective

In this paper we make the distinction between single-product and multi-product firms to contribute to our understanding of the complex relationship between multinational enterprises (MNEs), exporting and economic development. Using firm-level data for Thailand we show that the number of goods produced causes a larger variation in exports volumes than production volumes. Whilst the number of products and the total volume of exports are positively correlated we find, in contrast to US studies, a negative correlation between the number of products produced and the volume of production per product. We then investigate the characteristics associated with multi-product firms and find a distinction between foreign-owned and domestic firms. The presence of foreign firms producing single products solely for the domestic market as well as those producing many products for export demonstrates the diversity of behaviour of foreign-owned firms in developing countries.     

Strategic joint ventures with developing country in battles for technical standards

As technical standards become important in the network industry based on high technologies, advanced countries are actively seeking coalition for compatibility with developing countries, to win in the competition for technical standards. However, developing countries, in comparison with advanced countries, have a little interest in the international compatibility and a slow demand growth of network products. This paper examines what conditions are needed, under this constraint, to attract developing countries' early support for technical standards, and to design a sequential joint venture which is more Pareto-efficient than independent technology development.     

发展中国家企业内源融资与外源融资的比较分析

企业的融资结构是指企业各项资金来源之间的比例关系。目前企业的融资方式(主要是上市公司)可分为两类，一是通过企业自身的留存盈利和折旧进行的内源融资，另一种是包括股权融资和债权融资的外原融资。根据梅耶斯等人提出的融资优亭理论，企业的融资优选顺亭常常是：①挖掘企业自有资金。企业最先考虑的是从现金账户中提取现金，其次是考虑短期投资的变现；     

中国与发展中国家贸易摩擦发展趋势与思考

本文针对目前中国与发展中国家之间贸易摩擦不断增多的形势,全面分析了中国与发展中国家之间贸易摩擦发生的现状,并从经济层面剖析了中国与发展中国家之间贸易摩擦爆发的原因与其影响,文章最后从内外两方面研究了解决中国与发展中国家之间贸易摩擦的措施。     

Investigating the effect of exchange rate changes on china’s processed exports

Many argue that the renminbi needs to appreciate to rebalance China’s trade. However, empirical evidence on the effects of an RMB appreciation on China’s exports has been mixed for the largest category of exports, processed exports. Since much of the value-added of these goods comes from parts and components produced in Japan, South Korea, and other East Asian supply chain countries, it is important to control for exchange rate changes in these countries. Employing DOLS techniques and quarterly data, this paper finds that exchange rate appreciations across supply chain countries would cause a much larger drop in processed exports than a unilateral appreciation of the RMB.     

Penetration of industrial country markets by agricultural products from developing countries

About 55% of food and about 60% of non-food agricultural exports of the developing countries are sold in industrial country markets. Market access is therefore important.While the developing countries have been able to increase the market penetration of their manufactured exports in industrial countries at a remarkable rate of about 8% in the 1970s, market penetration in agricultural commodities has generally been less successful.From 1970 to 1980 the developing countries were able to increase their market penetration in processed agricultural commodities from 3.5 to 3.7%, which amounts to an average annual increase of only 0.6%. In basic agricultural products like sugar, maize, tomatoes and beef they even incurred losses in their market share that corresponded to an increase in the degree of self-sufficiency (and probably of protective trade barriers) of the industrial countries, in particular the EC.