妥善处理进口跟单信用证项下单据

处理跟单信用证项下单据,是跟单信用证业务重要组成部分。其水平高低,不仅可以影响银行的资金安全,而且还反映出银行经营风格和对外信用程度。本文就此展开初步探讨,以期为提高处理证下单据能力提供一点参考。 一、银行必须坚持独立审单的原则 银行接受申请人的申请。     

UCP600对银行业的影响

通过与UCP500的对比,分析了UCP600在银行处理单据中的新变化,解析了在审单期限、相符标准、不符点处理、转开信用证等方面对银行实务操作带来的正、负面影响,以及如何趋利避弊。     

ISBP十大瑕疵

ISBP全称是International Standard Banking Practice for the Examination of Documents under Documentary Credits,即“审核跟单信用证项下单据的国际标准银行实务”。相对于UCP600,ISBP更接近审单实务,对银行审单的指导更具体、更准确,有利于减少审单争议的发生。     

审单时间真的“合理”吗？——UCP600对银行审单时间的修订

信用证业务中规定:如果超过审单时间,即使单据确实存在不符点,相关银行也不得拒绝单据,而必须履行付款或承兑等义务。可审单时间应为多长才算合理,一直是大家困惑的问题。     

国际业务百家讲坛 林建煌话审单

在银行实务处理过程中,银行国际业务人员往往会对审单义务产生困惑,而这种困惑常常集中于申请人与开证行之间,即:如果申请人愿意接受单据,开证行可以不审单直接对外付款吗?开证行审单的结果是否必须告知申请人?开证行审单的结果告知了申请人,从而误导了申请人决     

信用证项下银行审单的法律问题分析

银行承付的前提条件是相符交单（Complying presentation）,信用证的争议焦点往往集中在对信用证单据的审查上。因此,单据及其审核对于议付银行、开证银行以及开证申请人而言都是极为重要的事项。对于何为相符交单,曾经有镜像标准、实质相符、严格相符等不同的审单标准。依据这些不同的审单标准,会得出不同的结论,从而影响交单人的利益。UCP600及ISBP确定了＂表面相符、不得矛盾＂的新的审单标准。     

ISBP十大瑕疵

ISBP全称是International Standard Banking Practice for the Examination of Documents under Documentary Credits,即"审核跟单信用证项下单据的国际标准银行实务"。相对于UCP600,ISBP更接近审单实务,对银行审单的指导更具体、更准确,有利于减少审单争议的发生。但ISBP难以穷尽银行日常审单过程中遇到的形形色色的问题,以及ISBP与UCP之间也存在着一些表述不准确或相互矛盾的地方,给银行审单人员带来新的问题。本期我们约请信用证专家李永宏谈一下ISBP。     

审单义务引发的离奇案

在银行实务处理过程中,银行国际业务人员往往会对审单义务产生困惑,而这种困惑常常集中于申请人与开证行之间,即如果申请人愿意接受单据,开证行可以不审单直接对外付款吗？开证行审单的结果是否必须告知申请人？开证行审单的结果告知了申请人,从而误导了申请人决定,是否必须因此承担责任？带着这些疑问,下面就让我们进入国际业务百家讲坛第二位主讲人林建煌的审单世界,直面审单义务引发的困惑。     

涉外保函的非单据化条件处理与风险防控

<正>涉外保函的非单据化条件不仅对银行审单造成困扰,还可能对保函的独立性认定造成影响,银行在积极开展业务的同时应做好风险防控,保证涉外保函业务健康发展。随着共建“一带一路”的深入推进,更多中国企业在国际工程承包市场上发挥重要作用,银行的涉外保函业务市场不断扩大。涉外保函中的非单据化条件是保函业务当事方的特殊要求,其多样性给涉外保函业务带来活力,也加大了银行审单的难度。银行在积极开展业务的同时应做好非单据化条件的风险控制,保证涉外保函业务健康发展。     

开证行在审核单据时应坚持独立审单原则

关于开证行对出口商提交单据的审核，《跟单信用证统一惯例》(UCP500）明确规定银行必须合理小心地审核信用证所规定的一切单据，以确定其是否表面与信用证条款相符合。此条关于银行审单标准的规定，实质上是明确了开证行在坚持单证一致原则的同时另外一个需要坚持的原则就是独立审单开证行应依据信用证的规定自主独立地进行判断，以确定所提交的单据是否单证一致，单单一致。     

Bayesian Premium Rating with Latent Structure

We propose a fully Bayesian approach to non-life risk premium rating, based on hierarchical models with latent variables for both claim frequency and claim size. Inference is based on the joint posterior distribution and is performed by Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Rather than plug-in point estimates of all unknown parameters, we take into account all sources of uncertainty simultaneously when the model is used to predict claims and estimate risk premiums. Several models are fitted to both a simulated dataset and a small portfolio regarding theft from cars. We show that interaction among latent variables can improve predictions significantly. We also investigate when interaction is not necessary. We compare our results with those obtained under a standard generalized linear model and show through numerical simulation that geographically located and spatially interacting latent variables can successfully compensate for missing covariates. However, when applied to the real portfolio data, the proposed models are not better than standard models due to the lack of spatial structure in the data.     

The development of the group accounts disclosure system in Japan

The Japanese disclosure system of consolidated statements was introduced in 1977 and extensively revised in 1997. The role of the bureaucracy has been significant in these developments and seems to be part of Japan's closed culture. However, other explanations could also be applied. In particular, although Japanese firms opposed such disclosures on the basis of preparation costs, the Japanese government had to modernize the disclosure system, including consolidation, in order to develop the securities market regardless of an individual company's interests.     

Moments of Compound Mixed Poisson Distributions

Recursive formulae are derived for the evaluation of the moments and the descending factorial moments about a point n of mixed Poisson and compound mixed Poisson distributions, in the case where the derivative of the logarithm of the mixing density can be written as a ratio of polynomials. As byproduct, we also obtain recursive formulae for the evaluation of the moments about the origin, central moments, descending and ascending factorial moments of these distributions. Examples are also presented for a number of mixing densities.     

The designing of corporate accounting law in Japan after the Second World War

After the Second World War, during the neutralization of the controlled economy of wartime Japan, a design for a Corporate Accounting Law was elaborated by the Investigation Committee on the Business Accounting System. The Investigation Committee tried to establish not only new business accounting standards but also a central and independent administrative organ of corporate accounting regulation on the basis of the Corporate Accounting Law. The Corporate Accounting Law was expected to lay the legal foundation of the new corporate accounting regulation regime in Japan. Nevertheless, even though the original design of the fundamental accounting law was never realized, it should be considered the starting point for our understanding of external accounting history in post-war Japan.     

The deliberation around accounting techniques: accounting for depreciation and foreign exchange in an Indian jute company, 1870-1900

This paper examines the way two accounting techniques, namely depreciation and foreign exchange, were deliberated on, between 1870 and 1900, in an Indian jute company whose shareholders resided in the UK. The arena for these deliberations was the conflictual relationship between controlling and non-controlling shareholders as to how best to account for depreciation and foreign exchange especially when the particular accountings affected distributional issues such as the dividend decision. The purpose of this paper is to analyse and explain the processes by which a company's accounting practices emerge and develop as a contest between different interests. Accounting framed the parameters of the deliberations and provided the language of power and dissent. The paper uses a rich archive that includes narrative and accounting material.     

Pricing Dynamic Insurance Risks Using the Principle of Equivalent Utility

We introduce an expected utility approach to price insurance risks in a dynamic financial market setting. The valuation method is based on comparing the maximal expected utility functions with and without incorporating the insurance product, as in the classical principle of equivalent utility. The pricing mechanism relies heavily on risk preferences and yields two reservation prices - one each for the underwriter and buyer of the contract. The framework is rather general and applies to a number of applications that we extensively analyze.     

Disclosure of government financial information and the cost of local government’s debt financing——Empirical evidence from provincial investment bonds for urban construction

China’s slowing economic growth and rapid urbanization have made local government debt financing a significant issue.This study uses a sample of China’s provinc...     

Guidelines for Manuscripts Submitted to The China Journal of Accounting Research

正The China Journal of Accounting Research"CJAR"(ISSN 1755-3091)publishes quarterly.It contains peer-reviewed articles and commentaries on accounting,auditing and corporate governance issues that relate to the greater China region.We welcome the submission of both theoretical and empirical research papers pertinent to researchers,regulators and practitioners.Authors should note:1 Submissions must be original     

International harmonization of Japanese accounting standards

Historically, Japanese accounting standards have been quite distinct from International Accounting Standards (IASs) which have been perceived as being modelled on British-American accounting standards. However, in the 1990s, after the publication of E32 in 1989 and the IASC-IOSCO Agreement in 1995, the Business Accounting Deliberation Committee (BADC), the standards-setting body in Japan, has pursued a policy of harmonization with IASs. Accounting standards relating to consolidated financial statements of companies that make cross-border offerings of securities or operate worldwide are being revised drastically. This paper focuses on the development of international accounting harmonization and its impact on Japan.