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1.
Deborah A. O’Neil Margaret M. Hopkins Diana Bilimoria 《Journal of Business Ethics》2008,80(4):727-743
In this article we assess the extant literature on women’s careers appearing in selected career, management and psychology
journals from 1990 to the present to determine what is currently known about the state of women’s careers at the dawn of the
21st century. Based on this review, we identify four patterns that cumulatively contribute to the current state of the literature
on women’s careers: women’s careers are embedded in women’s larger-life contexts, families and careers are central to women’s lives, women’s career paths reflect a wide range and variety of patterns, and human and social
capital are critical factors for women’s careers. We also identify paradoxes that highlight the disconnection between organizational
practice and scholarly research associated with each of the identified patterns. Our overall conclusion is that male-defined
constructions of work and career success continue to dominate organizational research and practice.
We provide direction for a research agenda on women’s careers that addresses the development of integrative career theories
relevant for women’s contemporary lives in hopes of providing fresh avenues for conceptualizing career success for women.
Propositions are identified for more strongly connecting career scholarship to organizational practice in support of women’s
continued career advancement. 相似文献
2.
A growing body of ethics research investigates gender diversity and governance on corporate boards, at individual and firm
levels, in single country studies. In this study, we explore the environmental context of female representation on corporate
boards of directors, using data from 43 countries. We suggest that women’s representation on corporate boards may be shaped
by the larger environment, including the social, political and economic structures of individual countries. We use logit regression
to conduct our analysis. Our results indicate that countries with higher representation of women on boards are more likely
to have women in senior management and more equal ratios of male to female pay. However, we find that countries with a longer
tradition of women’s political representation are less likely to have high levels of female board representation. 相似文献
3.
Chyong-Ling Lin 《Journal of Business Ethics》2008,83(3):409-418
For a long time, female endorsers in advertising have been doing product information promotion in the market. However, with
more and more highly educated women participating in the labor force, the conception of feminist depictions in advertising
have become a perplexing issue. The traditional female role portrayals or stereotypes of the past are not able to totally
reflect the expectations, behavior, attitudes, and beliefs of contemporary women. The author collected print ads as data from
three types of the highest circulation magazines: foreign women’s magazines (Chinese edition), domestic women’s magazines,
and domestic management magazines subscribed to in Taiwan to investigate what were the favorite feminine patterns and feminist
depictions in a traditionally masculine society. The results showed classical beauty and girl-next-door images were “acceptable”
gender-role behavior exposed highly in domestic magazines, which might contribute to conservative Confucian beliefs. On the
other hand, being trendy was a significantly high preference for contemporary feminist depictions in foreign women's magazines;
it might be considered as being due to the increased educational level of women and female labor participation rate in the
work place as well as upgrading of social status. 相似文献
4.
Richard A. Bernardi 《Journal of Business Ethics》2006,65(1):43-53
This paper examines the associations among social desirability response bias, cultural constructs and gender. The study includes
the responses of 1537 students from 12 countries including Australia, Canada, China, Colombia, Ecuador, Hong Kong, Ireland,
Japan, Nepal, South Africa, Spain, and the United States. The results of the analysis indicate that, on average, social desirability
response bias decreases (increases) as a country’s Individualism (Uncertainty Avoidance) increases. The analysis also indicates
that women scored significantly higher on Paulhus’ Image Management Subscale on an overall basis and for seven of the 12 country
comparisons. This research serves as a caution when considering the research findings of prior international survey-based
ethics research that do not include a direct measure of social desirability response bias. For example, the finding that women
score higher on Paulhus’ measure of social desirability response bias calls into question prior research that does not control
for social desirability response bias indicating women are more ethically sensitive than men. 相似文献
5.
Gender Mainstreaming and Corporate Social Responsibility: Reporting Workplace Issues 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper investigates the potential and actual contribution of corporate social responsibility (CSR) to gender equality
in a framework of gender mainstreaming (GM). It introduces GM as combining technical systems (monitoring, reporting, evaluating)
with political processes (women’s participation in decision-making) and considers the ways in which this is compatible with
CSR agendas. It examines the inclusion of gender equality criteria within three related CSR tools: human capital management
(HCM) reporting, CSR reporting guidelines, and socially responsible investment (SRI) criteria on employee and diversity issues.
Although evidence is found of gender equality information being requested within several CSR related reporting frameworks,
these requirements are mostly limited in scope, or remain optional elements. The nature and extent of relevant stakeholder
opportunities are investigated to explain this unfulfilled potential. 相似文献
6.
Unethical decision-making behavior within organizations has received increasing attention over the past ten years. As a result,
a plethora of studies have examined the relationship between gender and business ethics. However, these studies report conflicting
results as to whether or not men and women differ with regards to business ethics. In this article, we propose that gender
identity theory [Spence: 1993, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 64, 624–635], provides both the theory and empirical measures to explore the influence of psychological gender traits and gender-role
attitudes on ethical perceptions of workplace behaviors. Statistical analyses of the data reveal that based on sex alone,
no differences occur between men and women in their ethical perceptions. Yet, when a multidimensional approach to gender is
applied, results show that expressive traits and egalitarian gender-role attitudes contribute to both men’s and women’s propensity
to perceive unethical workplace behaviors as unethical. The implications of these findings and suggestions for future research
are presented. 相似文献
7.
Previous work suggests that gender attitudes are associated with different individual and organizational factors. At the same
time, ethics research suggests that many of these same variables can influence ethical reasoning in companies. In this study,
we sought to combine these streams of research to investigate whether individual skepticism of women’s employment is related
to ethical reasoning in a gender-based ethical situation. The results of the hierarchical regression analysis indicated that
skepticism of women’s employment was negatively related to the recognition that the gender-based dilemma involved an ethical
problem, and that skepticism was also negatively related to judgments that the situation was unethical. These findings imply
that companies should advance policies that increase tolerance for women’s employment, such as diversity training codes of
conduct, and ethics training. 相似文献
8.
This study evaluates couples’ time use behaviour with regard to housework in Germany with data from the 2001/2002 and 1991/1992
German Time Use Survey. Despite the fact that women reduced their hours worked within the household context over the past
decades, the unequal division of housework between men and women still persists. This study aims both at analysing the determinants
of the allocation of time spent on housework, as well as why gender differences in household time use behaviour still exist.
With the aid of structural equation modelling, it is shown that the decrease in time spent on housework by women can largely
be explained by changes in the effects that wages, household goods consumption and the aspiration for market goods consumption
have on time spent on housework. Men’s time allocation behaviour has remained remarkably constant. It is also observed that
women’s time allocation behaviour with regard to household work is becoming more similar to that of men. 相似文献
9.
Elisabeth K. Kelan 《Journal of Business Ethics》2008,81(2):427-445
This article analyses how the new type of worker is constructed in respect to gender in current management literature. It
contributes to the increasing body of work in organisational theory and business ethics which interrogates management texts
by analysing textual representations of gender. A discourse analysis of six texts reveals three inter-connected yet distinct
ways in which gender is talked about. First, the awareness discourse attempts to be inclusive of gender yet reiterates stereotypes
in its portrayal of women. Second, within the individualisation discourse, formerly discriminatory elements of gender lose
their importance but a gender dimension reappears within the idea of ‹Brand You’. Third, in the new ideal discourse, women
are constructed as ideal workers of the future. The article argues that there is little space within this web of discourses
for an awareness of the continued inequalities experienced by women in relation to men to be voiced and that this rhetorical
aporia contributes to a ‹post-feminist’ climate. 相似文献
10.
The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, we try to identify whether women have different borrowing patterns from men when
trying to get into self-employment along with the factors that explain these different propensities. Second, we try to quantify
the impact of these differences in borrowing propensity on women’s willingness to become self-employed. The empirical analysis
is carried out on a sample of individuals drawn from the English Household Survey of Entrepreneurship, 2003. Our results show
that (1) women are less likely than men to seek external finance and that (2) gender differences in access to finance are
affecting adversely the transition into self-employment. 相似文献
11.
Baris Parkan 《Journal of Business Ethics》2008,78(1-2):77-85
This paper attempts to clarify the meaning of the term ‚professional’ in its current use in our daily lives, mainly by making
use of Weber’s discussion of the Protestant work ethic and rationalization. Identifying professionalism primarily as a particular
lifestyle, it questions whether professionalism is a virtue to be encouraged or an alienated way of life. Rather than conclusively
answering this question in the affirmative or negative, it contends that professionalism is an evolving concept, and endeavors
to capture and formulate a favorable understanding of it which would foster less alienating and more fulfilling ways of doing
business. It concludes by observing structural similarities between alternative managerial approaches and different conceptualizations
of professionalism.
Baris Parkan is Faculty member and Coordinator of the Evening MA Program in Applied Ethics in the Department of Philosophy
at Middle East Technical University. 相似文献
12.
This article focuses on the Islamic financial services (IFS) sector, which originated in the Middle East, but is now rapidly becoming a global sector. First, Islamic economic ideology is discussed, which resulted in the foundation of IFS firms after the 1973 oil crisis, and then an overview of the most common IFS is provided. The third part discusses the global distribution of IFS firms and Shari'a compliant assets. The Middle East is at the apex of the IFS sector, with the Islamized economies of Iran and Pakistan and prime hubs such as Manama and Dubai. Outside the Middle East, Malaysia is identified as an important growing market for IFS, while outside the Muslim world, London is increasingly profiling itself as a global IFS hub. 相似文献
13.
Berkay Özcan 《Small Business Economics》2011,37(4):465-492
Previous research showed that married individuals are overrepresented among the self-employed. Few studies proposed skill-spillover
between the spouses within the marriage as an explanation. This paper deviates from the previous research by exploring different
relationship contexts (e.g., cohabitation, being married or divorced, a widow(er) or single) and the role of partner influences
under these contexts. It argues that the interaction between gender and relationship status implies variation in not only
resources but also constraints, and hence sorts individuals into two different types of self-employment: entrepreneurial self-employment
(i.e., incorporated business) and unincorporated self-employment. Using “Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) 1965–2005”
data, results of the competing risk models show that marital status contributes to both types of self-employment transitions,
especially for men, but also for women. Cohabitation is a less supportive context for entrepreneurship and a partner’s self-employment
experience increases only women’s likelihood of entering into entrepreneurship. These results suggest that skill-spillover
between partners might be context dependent and only in one direction (from men to women). 相似文献
14.
ABSTRACT This study compared responses of advertising agencies located in the Middle East and the United States to an email survey examining their approach in designing advertisements. The survey examined whether the advertising agency incorporated area-specific cultural values and advertising appeals in the execution of their advertisements. Results indicate that indeed advertising agencies do use, or at least report to use, different cultural values and advertising appeals. Advertising agencies in the Middle East tend to focus more on filial obedience, customs and traditions, loyalty to one's group, honor, and patience. In addition, agencies in the Middle East reported that they tended to portray women in a more modest fashion than their counterparts in the United States. 相似文献
15.
The 2007 winner of the International Award for Entrepreneurship and Small Business Research is the Diana Project team (Candida Brush, Nancy Carter, Elizabeth Gatewood, Patricia Greene and Myra Hart). The Diana Project
builds on the vast experience of the team in the field of entrepreneurship in general and women entrepreneurship, business
growth and venture capital in particular. The Diana Project has investigated the supply and demand side of growth capital
for women entrepreneurs. The research contributes to entrepreneurship theory as well as to practice, filling a void in knowledge
on growth-oriented women entrepreneurship. In this article we present and discuss the research contribution of the Diana Project,
in the areas of entrepreneurship, women entrepreneurship and venture capital. We specifically discuss the value of researching
a specific group of women entrepreneurs, those who want to grow their businesses, that very clearly demonstrates the positive
potential of female entrepreneurship. The Diana Project has also moved research on women’s entrepreneurship forward since
its framework does not treat women entrepreneurs as “other,” i.e., the project does not presuppose that women’s entrepreneurship
is similar to or different from men’s entrepreneurship. It assumes that women’s entrepreneurship is entrepreneurship and studies
it from that point of view.
Carin Holmquist is professor at Stockholm School of Economics and member of the Prize Committee for The
International
Award
for
Entrepreneurship
and
Small
Business
Research. Sara Carter is professor at University of Strathclyde. Both have written extensively in several of the areas covered by
the Diana Project. The prize is awarded by the Swedish Foundation for Small Business Research (FSF) and the Swedish Board
of Industrial and Technical Development (NUTEK). An important aim with this prize is to attract broader attention to this
research field. A precondition for choosing the winner of the award is that the research for which the award has been granted
is a significant contribution to the theory and empirical understanding of entrepreneurship and the importance of entrepreneurship,
new firm formation and small businesses in economic development. Besides the honor, the prize consists of SEK 0.5 million
(roughly USD 80,000). It has been awarded annually since 1996. More information about the prize and previous winners is available
at . 相似文献
16.
This article draws on the results of a qualitative, exploratory study of 20 Australian women business owners to demonstrate
how using a ‹gender as social identity’ lens provides new insights into the influence of gender on exporting and entrepreneurial
behaviour. Interview data reveal perceptions of gender identity and gender relations varied and influenced the interpretations
which women business owners placed on their exporting activities. Women in the study used different terms to describe exporter
and entrepreneurial characteristics to those found in extant literature. A strong theme was exporting as a life-changing experience
that allowed the women to grow personally as well as grow the business and succeed as exporters. 相似文献
17.
Heather Maxwell 《Consumption Markets & Culture》2013,16(1):43-63
This paper examines the role of popular music performance in a context of urban change, globalization, and gender. Through an in-depth examination of the Malian music style Wassoulou and its reigning star Oumou Sangaré, issues of gender, interpretation, and cultural production are discussed. Ethnographic data presented indicate that wassoulou performance provides much needed space for Malian youth to negotiate changing notions of identity and community without openly challenging the status quo of women and youth in traditional Mande social hierarchy. These new identities convey multiple and sometimes paradoxical symbolic meaning for Malian and world-music listeners. Viewing vocal performance in Mali as a verbal mode of communication and social display, wassoulou divas are particularly excellent sites for the study of emergent identities in the context of globalization. 相似文献
18.
Edmund F. Byrne 《Journal of Business Ethics》2007,74(3):201-217
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become a focal point for research aimed at extending business ethics to extra-corporate
issues; and as a result many companies now seek to at least appear dedicated to one or another version of CSR. This has not
affected the arms industry, however. For, this industry has not been discussed in CSR literature, perhaps because few CSR
scholars have questioned this industry’s privileged status as an instrument of national sovereignty. But major changes in
the organization of political communities call traditional views of sovereignty into question. With these considerations in
mind I assess the U.S. arms industry on the basis of CSR requirements regarding the environment, social equity, profitability,
and use of political power. I find that this industry fails to meet any of these four CSR requirements. Countering a claim
that these failings should not be held against arms manufacturers because their products are crucial to national defense,
I contend that many of these companies function not as dutiful agents of a nation-state but as politically powerful entities
in their own right. So, I conclude, they should be held responsible for the foreseeable consequences that flow from use of
their products. This responsibility should include civil liability and, in cases involving war crimes and violations of human
rights, responsibility under international human rights standards.
Edmund F. Byrne is emeritus professor of philosophy, Indiana University, and a section editor and sometime contributor to
the Journal of Business Ethics. His specialties: philosophy of work and social and political philosophy. Recent publications
in the former field include “Work” in the Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, and Ethics, and in the latter field three articles
that examine the US government's unpublicized geopolitical motives for its military action in the Middle East.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
19.
This study explores the relationship between Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and public relations practitioners’ perceptions
of corporate social respon- sibility (CSR) in South Korea. The survey on Korean public relations practitioners revealed that,
although Hofstede’s dimensions significantly affect public relations practitioners’ perceptions of CSR, social traditionalism
values had more explanatory power than cultural dimensions in explaining CSR attitudes. The results suggest that practitioners’
fundamental ideas about the corporation’s role in society seem to be more important than their cultural values to understand
public relations practitioners’ CSR attitudes in Korea. 相似文献
20.
For stakeholders, such as investors and lenders, to appropriately assess a company’s financial performance, the reported accounting
earnings must closely reflect the economic reality of the organization’s financial activity throughout the reporting period.
The degree to which reported earnings capture economic reality is called earnings quality. Managers have an ethical obligation
to report high quality earnings to interested stakeholders in a timely matter. Accounting research has identified conditions
within an organization, such as management compensation contracts and pending litigation that can impact earnings quality.
We extend this line of research by exploring whether another characteristic of an organization, gender diversity in senior
management, influences the quality of reported earnings. Companies with more women in senior management are found to be more
profitable and have higher stock returns after initial public offerings than those with fewer women in the management ranks.
Our findings suggest that the improved bottom line for companies with more women senior executives is not produced through
the management of earnings or lower quality earnings. Instead, earnings quality is positively associated with gender diversity
in senior management.
Gopal Krishnan is an associate professor and holds the VSCPA Northern Chapter Professorship in Public Accounting at the School
of Management at George Mason University. He has published several articles on corporate governance and the role of auditors
in journals such as Accounting Horizons, Contemporary Accounting Research, Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance and Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory.
Linda Parsons is an assistant professor at the School of Management at George Mason University. She is the author of several
papers that examine the value relevance of accounting in the nonprofit sector, especially as it impacts decision-making by
donors. Her work has appeared in journals such as Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance, Research in Governmental and Nonprofit Accounting, and Journal of Accounting Literature. 相似文献