From the New Deal to the New Federalism: Presidential Ideology in the U.S. from 1932 to 1982

A bstract . The essence of the Reagan mandate is neither taxation nor balanced budgets , rather the reduction of federal government controls and a corresponding growth in state and local controls. This concern is neither Right nor Left, but a response to a growing realization of ineptitudes and inefficiencies seen in all the highly developed industrialized nations. Hence, whether inspired by the "free-enterprise" doctrines of Reagan in the U.S. or the "socialist" approach of Mitterrand in France, the policy goal of advanced nations is clear: a shift in fiscal priorities and political controls to strike a more realistic balance. The emphasis is upon the social movement aspects of Reagan's New Federalism: the coalition of middle sectors and elite working classes, rather than the "big business" label usually assigned to this administration. Federalism, essentially a social policy, can succeed to the degree that there is an equitable sharing in economic hardships no less than economic gains. But fiscal favoritism, racial inequalities, class dislocations, and similar difficulties can produce its defeat.     

我军装备保障力量现状及对策研究

装备保障力量建设是装备保障建设的重要组成部分。进入21世纪,信息化武器装备逐渐发展,高科技武器比例提高,与之相适应的装备保障力量也发生了变化。本文分析现阶段我军装备保障力量中保障人员的类型和存在的问题,并分析了美军装备保障力量的现状与特点。在此基础上,对我军装备保障力量建设提出对策建议。     

Accounting for Public Recreation Expenditures

A bstract . Understanding why local parks and recreation budgets are set at particular levels is an interesting but difficult area in which to conduct research. In order to help clarify some of the important ideas, 22 hypotheses are developed and tested, correlating for 103 United States cities , the relationships of dependent variables (city's total recreation budget, recreation as a percent of total expenditure and recreation expenditure per capita) to selected sets of urban variables identified as demographic, labor force structure, local income, and public service variables. Results of the analysis suggest that the size of park budgets is positively associated with pet cent of population Non-White, birth, death and marriage rates, crime rates, non-agricultural employment , white collar employment, and income growth. Variables inversely related to budgets include the percent of lower to middle income groups and expenditures for education.     

现代舞之“力”的探讨

文章从"力"的角度阐释了20世纪开始西方世界如火如荼发展的现代舞艺术,分四个层次论述了世界著名的艺术家、舞蹈家有关力的学说:美国著名符号学家苏珊.朗格对舞蹈的力的认识,西方现代舞之父冯.鲁道夫.拉班通过创立"力效理论"揭示了舞蹈的"力"的奥秘,20世纪三大艺术巨匠之一、美国现代舞奠基人玛莎.格雷姆有关"力"的探索和另一位美国现代舞蹈奠基人多丽丝.韩芙莉对舞蹈"力"的揭示。文章通过分析最终得出了结论:现代舞是以最纯粹的生命状态——"力"的方式将隐秘的人性、生命的体验诉诸于人体并加以呈现的。     

Culture and Economic Systems

A bstract .   Applying a cluster analysis to the results of the World Value Study, this article shows that the OECD nations have five distinct patterns of cultural characteristics. Moreover, these five cultural systems are almost the same as a classification of economic systems that have been derived from a cluster analysis of their economic institutions. A comparison of the cultural characteristics of East and West Germany suggests that the economic system has relatively little influence on the cultural systems. Instead, in a democracy, where the economic system is not imposed by force, the cultural characteristics are more likely to determine the economic system, rather than the reverse.     

浅谈人防地下室结构设计

随着社会经济的不断发展,城市建设和人防建设不断结合。防空地下室设计是工程建设中经常会遇到的问题。它的荷载确定、内力分析和结构设计都具有自身的特点。防空地下室作为建筑的一部分,它的平时用途也越来越广泛。因此在结构设计中也经常会遇到防空地下室的平战转换设计问题。协调好防空地下室在平战两种状态下的不同使用要求,已成为结构设计中的一个重要课题。     

矿山机电设备管理中存在的问题及解决对策

机电设备是矿山生产当中的重要工具,其能够帮助工作人员开展生产作业,提高工作效率,有效解放劳动力,使矿山企业拥有高效、快速、简便的生产方式。在矿山生产当中,利用机电设备进行作业,能够减少因工作人员的疏忽而造成的失误,提高矿山生产的安全性。所以在矿山生产当中,机电设备十分重要。论文首先分析矿山机电设备管理的意义,然后分析矿山机电设备管理中存在的问题,最后从三个方面分析矿山机电设备管理的措施。     

防空地下室建筑设计心得

通过对防空地下室发展趋势的了解,认识防空地下室的重要性;通过对防空地下室设计原则、功能形式、面积、防护单元划分、人防设备等方面的分析,简要说明防空地下室建筑设计中所包含的内容及应注意的事项。     

A latent time–budget model

Time–budgets summarize how the time of objects is distributed over a number of categories. Usually they are collected in object by category matrices with the property that rows of this data matrix add up to one. In this paper we discuss a model for the analysis of time–budgets that used this property. The model approximates the observed time–budgets by weighted sums of a number of latent time–budgets. These latent time–budgets determine the behavior of all objects. Special attention is given to the identification of the model. The model is compared with logcontrast principal component analysis.     

Institutional quality and environmental pollution: MENA countries versus the rest of the world

Using data for over 100 nations over the years 2004–2007, this study examines the effect, of institutional quality on environmental pollution, focusing primarily on influences of corruption, and the shadow economy, and paying special attention to MENA countries. Controlling for a, number of factors, results show that both more corrupt nations and nations with large shadow sectors have qualitatively and quantitatively similar effects in yielding fewer (recorded) emissions; however, MENA nations have higher pollution rates. Policy implications are noted.     

工业机械设备电气工程自动化技术的应用研究

当前,科学技术的发展越来越快,基于此,各类自动化技术也随着科学技术的发展逐渐发展起来。这些自动化技术的发展以及应用对经济的发展带来了很大的促进作用,由于自动化技术在操作方面具有简洁性特征,以及具有较高的操作友好性,这些独特的优势都成为电气设备自动化技术发展的推动力。论文基于工业机械设备中电气工程自动化技术的发展,提出该技术的应用策略,对应用过程中出现的问题进行探讨,深入分析电气工程自动化技术对于工业机械设备的影响。     

Behind the veil: an exploratory study of the myths and realities of women in the Iranian workforce

Despite significant advancements, women executives and professionals have continued to complain about the existence of a glass ceiling in the UK, the USA, Canada and other countries that espouse equal employment opportunities. Little is known about the role and plight of women in the workforce in Islamic countries. In general, Western societies perceive the participation of women in the workforce and their upward career mobility as very limited in Islamic societies. This article seeks to address this limitation in the field by unravelling some of the myths and realities pertaining to women in the Iranian labour force. Based on interviews with 12 Iranians, reality checks were performed on five widely held perceptions of the status of women in Iran, including women's participation in the labour force, appointment to managerial/professional positions, representation in higher education, segregation in the workplace, and Islam's attitude towards non‐Muslims. These issues are discussed in the contexts of foreign direct investment in Iran and other Islamic countries. Implications for international human resource management, including the assignment of women expatriates to Iran and other Islamic nations, are also addressed.     

压力容器静载测试方案设计

某压力容器静力试验载荷复杂,数值较大,承受轴力、弯矩和剪力等综合作用,为满足静力加载需求,以液压油缸静力试验加载系统和应变测试系统为基础,充分考虑该测试应该注意的问题,确定合理的加载方法,计算各油缸加载作用力,选取并确定测试和加载设备,包括加载油缸,力传感器,位移计和应变计等,设计试验连接固定以及承载工装,形成有效可行的试验加载方案,为顺利开展容器静载测试奠定基础。     

Laying the groundwork-an analysis of how to get started with operations analysis

To make operations analysis a pervasive force in education, it is as important to be systematic and disciplined in deciding which projects to undertake as it does to show these virtues once we have selected a problem and are pressing for a solution. Progress means thinking about objectives, including the objective of demonstrating that operations analysis is relevant for education and of establishing a climate of acceptance for the new methods. Progress means concern for people and politics and an eye for initial projects that are hard to bungle. We have little to gain in pitting scarce talent and betting the reputation of operations analysis on situations which we can do little to improve. Meaningful solutions, for the administrator, are solutions that he can manage politically and that do not require impossible increases in staff or budgets to implement. Shrewdness in choosing projects that fit what we can do with operations analysis, though, does not mean picking insignificant problems. Operations analysis must understand the larger issues in American education and set its priorities to fit. We can better afford honest failure than irrelevance.     

集装箱海岸装卸装备建设对策研究

在分析我军现有海岸装卸保障流程和保障任务、环境对海岸装卸的影响、美军集装箱海岸装卸装备发展现状的基础上,构建了我军集装箱海岸装卸保障总体流程,给出了集装箱海岸装卸所需要的装备,为集装箱海岸装卸装备建设提供了参考。     

Crowding Out Informal Care? Evidence from a Field Experiment in Germany*

This article evaluates the effects of a consumer‐directed home care programme (Personal Budgets) compared with the standard home care programmes of the German long‐term care insurance (LTCI). The evaluation makes use of a random assignment into a treatment group receiving personal budgets and a control group receiving either in‐kind benefits (agency care) or cash payments. Compared with agency care, personal budgets extend the support by independent providers, but leave health outcomes unchanged. Compared with cash payments, personal budgets tend to improve health outcomes, but double LTCI spending due to a strong crowding out of informal care by formal care.     

关于改进军用飞机航空器材修理工作的思考

本文对军用飞机航空器材修理工作的重要性进行了阐述,对当前航空兵部队在航空器材修理工作中存在的主要问题进行了梳理和分析,并就如何改进给出了建议。     

美军装备合同商保障分析

美军通过将大量的装备保障任务交由训练有素的合同商完成,有效地弥补军方保障力量的不足,提高装备保障的费效比。本文总结分析了美军推行装备保障的主要做法和成功经验,可为我军在军民一体化装备保障体系建设中如何利用合同商保障力量提供重要的思路和借鉴。     

静压桩基础施工中常见的质量问题及处理方法

静压桩基础施工是通过静力压桩机械设备以其自身重量和机架上的配重提供作用力,并通过液压系统施加压力在桩顶或桩身上,将桩压入地层中的沉桩工艺。文章阐述了静压桩在施工过程中的机理,对工程常见质量问题进行了分析,并提出了一些处理方法。     

Comparisons of aggregation procedures for interaction data: An illustration using a college student international flow table

Various approaches for developing regional schemes on the basis of geographic interaction data are discussed, using a 46 × 46 international flow table of college students as an example. The hierarchical clustering procedure employed by Masser and Brown to study movement data for London and Liverpool is compared with that utilized by Slater to analyze internal migration in several nations and is found to be more successful in the sense of explained interaction, a criterion Masser and Brown maximize in a stepwise—not necessarily optimal—manner. Slater's method, however, appears to be less subject to chaining—the sequential growth of a cluster— and more productive of distinct subgroups. It can also be interpreted as the fitting of a tree structure to a dissimilarity matrix. Both techniques are shown to yield highly significant functional regions, by comparing their results with those obtained through a large number of random partitionings of the 46 nations. The substantial value of the Ford-Fulkerson network flow algorithm in optimal partitioning and hierarchical clustering is discussed. This algorithm can also be used to define nodal in- and out-migration regions—i.e. collections of nations that have fewer people entering or leaving them as a whole than their nodal nations. To determine functional regions, the flow table is first doubly-standardized to have all row and column sums equal. Nodal regions—which cannot be hierarchically ordered—are found through study of the unadjusted flows themselves. Political, linguistic and geographic influences explain many of the international groupings obtained.