Trade policies and imperfect competition: A note

Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam. Comments by Simon Kuipers on an erarier version are gratefully acknowledged.     

Trade and competition policies: concordia discors>

In a simple model of trade and competition policies we showthat the abolition of trade restrictions may lead to governmentsindependently choosing more competitive competition policies.Subsequent co-ordination of competition policy involves encouragingless competitive behaviour than when such policies are not co-ordinatedand may involve disharmonisation, in a sense made clear in thepaper. Adding a third country, simulation results indicate thatnon-member concerns about customs union formation may be well-founded,particularly when the union goes beyond mere trade policy co-ordination(which may be needed to make it attractive to members in thefirst place).     

Trade policies,imperfect competition,and endogenous growth

Summary This paper analyses the effects of trade policies in a general equilibrium two-conutry model with imperfect competition. This model generalizes the models of monopolistic and Cournot competition. Trade is shown to be welfare-increasing in the monopolistic completition model. The same holds true in the case of endogenous growth. In the model of Coumot competition, the welfare effects of trade policies depend upon the type of entry and exit. Indeed, it is possible for two countries to increase their welfare by pursuing a coordinated policy of protection. In an endogenous growth setting, the validity of the latter finding depends upon the consumer rate of time preference.At the time of writing, the author was affiliated with the Ministry of Economic Affairs. An earlier version of this paper was presetned at the ECOZOEK-day, June 11, 1993, Tilburg and was awarded theKVS-prize 1993 of the Royal Netherlands Economic Association. The author would like to thank an anonymous referre, P.A.G. van Bergeijk, R.A.de Mooij, A. Nieuwenhuis, F. van der Ploeg, J. van Sinderen, S. Smulders, and P.M. Waasdorp for useful comments. The views expressed in this paper are strictly presonal.     

“后竞争时代”的盐田国际发展战略及策略

盐田国际是由和记黄埔港口和深圳盐田港集团共同合资成立的中外合资港口企业,自1994年营运以来,历年集装箱吞吐量均保持双位数的增长,2007年吞吐量更是达到1002万标箱。盐田国际是深圳港集装箱运输的重要组成部分,已成为华南地区最具活力、班轮航线最密集的集装箱码头。     

Globalisation and the European disease

Summary This paper analyses the impact of globalisation of economic relationships on the European labour market. The main finding is that Europe's unemployment problem is rooted in rigidities in the labour market itself, while the increasing importance of international trade should provide an opportunity to reduce long-term labour market slack. To reap the potential benefits in this respect, European governments would need to re-orient structural policies towards a better functioning of labour and product markets.Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Economics Department, Paris. The author is indebted to several of his colleagues in the Economics Department — in particular Bob Ford, Katie Gordon, Wim Suyker, Thorsteinn Thorgeirsson, and Nick Vanston — and two anonymous referees for their useful comments on an earlier draft. The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and should not be attributed to the Organisation or the governments of its member countries.     

Financial Globalisation and the Crisis

The global financial crisis provides an important testing ground for the financial globalisation model. We ask three questions. First, did financial globalisation materially contribute to the origination of the global financial crisis? Second, once the crisis occurred, how did financial globalisation affect the incidence and propagation of the crisis across different countries? Third, how has financial globalisation affected the management of the crisis at national and international levels?     

Product market competition, unemployment and income disparities

Product Market Competition, Unemployment and Income Disparities. — We discuss how promoting competition in product markets affects unemployment and wage differentials. We examine a general equilibrium model with real wage rigidities in labor markets and market power in product markets. We illustrate how more intense competition reduces unemployment. A decrease of markups would induce an increase of real wages if real wages were flexible. This enables the employment of more low-skilled people above a real reservation wage. More intensive competition, however, widens wage and income differences between low-skilled and high-skilled workers. Differences of income distributions across countries could also be caused by differences in the intensity of product market competition.     

印度的全球化与社会排他性

绪论 全球化包括国家、地方的经济以及社会的不断整合.这种整合是通过更广阔、更自由的资本、商品和服务的流通来进行的.在一定程度上,它是新科技所导致的一种自然和必然的结果.在很大程度上它又是被国际组织和占统治地位的经济体或国家政府以及各国的经济中坚力量所推进.绝大部分缺少技术、经济实力和政治资本的人是没有地位和权利来选择能否参与构建全球化的内容及规则.有人认为全球化为经济增长提供了更广阔的机遇,并将有益于全世界也包括贫穷的国家和人民.就这一点来说,全球化与过去几十年中一些国家和国际组织采用的一些发展战略和政策是相似的.但是,他们在保证平等方面的大多数承诺,总是不能成功.发展的利益被不平均的分配,一些群体被遗忘,而带给另一些人的则是负面的影响,甚至导致出现更恶劣的社会经济状况.     

Economic integration, wage policies, and social policies

This paper sets up a two country monopolistic competition modelwith intra-industry trade to study the effects of an exogenousdifferential in wage and social policies on the location ofindustry. Two model scenarios are considered. In the traditionalone with physical capital, such a differential induces a relocationeffect which increases with the level of trade integration.The ‘new economic geography’ world assumes mobileentrepreneurs which can relocate thus bringing agglomerationforces into play. The most significant difference between thisworld and the traditional one is that, at high levels of tradeintegration, where one country has emerged as the core and theother as the periphery, the core may have more generous socialpolicies and higher wages than the periphery without inducinga relocation of firms. The scope to have higher wage is constrained,however, and related to the level of trade integration in abell-shaped way.     

价格竞争与非价格竞争的理性思考

本文通过对价格竞争与非价格竞争的比较,衡量价格竞争与非价格竞争的利弊,分析企业价格竞争策略选择,揭示价格竞争的引发因素及社会经济效应,并提出了价格竞争的替代方案。     

Globalisation,poverty and corruption: Retarding progress in South Africa

ABSTRACT

Poverty and corruption can both immiserate a nation. Globalisation through open trade can potentially increase economic growth, providing employment and increased incomes to the poor. Corruption can dampen or even reduce these positive developments. Although globalisation is considered instrumental in development strategies, theoretically, the impact of globalisation on poverty reduction is ambiguous, an ambiguity that is also reflected in the empirical literature. The corruption-poverty literature clearly reveals that empirical findings on such association are at best heterogeneous. This article examines the effects of globalisation and corruption on poverty using time series data for South Africa for the period 1991–2016. Three indicators of poverty and recently developed measures of globalisation and corruption were employed in the logistic regression model used for estimation. The results confirm that globalisation reduces poverty while corruption intensifies it. The globalisation findings are robust across the different measures of poverty while unidirectional results show corruption increases poverty.     

战略联盟：竞争走向合作竞争

９０年代,面对全球经济一体化和日益激烈的竞争环境,国际上出现了一种新的企业竞争组织形式－－战略联盟。本文概述了企业战略联盟理论的起源、特色及其主要思想,结合中国企业的实际情况,提出了一些可操作的建议。