中国投资基金发展现状及发展策略选择

我国投资基金经过近十年的发展，已日渐成熟，但仍有待于进一步完善。本文针对我国基金业目前存在的四个主要问题，及与发达国家的差距，运用委托代理理论、信息不对称理论等经济学原理对行了分析，并提出了加入WTO后我国投资基金业应采取的若干策略。     

Numerical Information Format and Investment Decisions: Implications for the Disposition Effect and the Status Quo Bias

Investment decisions are very difficult because they involve money and can impact our quality of life. According to the axioms of rationality, different but equivalent information formats should not affect investment strategies. The authors perform two experiments here, and find evidence of a strong absolute magnitude effect on investment decisions. In Experiment 1, participants (students) chose to sell a losing fund more often when returns were expressed as a percentage of variation between the buying value and the actual value (e.g., 24%) than when they were expressed as a monetary difference between the buying price and the actual price (e.g., $0.24). In the context of the experiment, the percentage format decreased the disposition effect significantly. Furthermore, describing the stock returns as ratios (e.g., ¼) increased the tendency toward the status quo bias. In Experiment 2, the authors showed that the absolute magnitude of the numbers shaped participants' satisfaction with fund returns, and was responsible for the different choices of investment strategies.     

广义创新视角的创业板上市公司创新投入测度及比较

创新投入多寡一般决定了创新型企业能否具有可持续的高成长能力。因此,准确、全面、清晰地呈现创新型企业为主体的创业板上市公司创新投入信息,意义重大。针对目前我国创新投入测度主侧重技术创新而忽略其他创新的不足,本文借鉴《奥斯陆手册》界定了一个更为全面的创新投入范畴,并借鉴CHS方法构建了一个创新投入新测度规则;基于新测度规则的实证测度及比较研究表明,我国创业板上市公司创新投入规模、强度均较高,且环比增长较快,但公司间和行业问差异显著,且差异有不断拉大的趋势;上市对增加创新投入有显著促进作用。     

Substitution between water and other agricultural inputs: Implications for water conservation in a River Basin context

Substitution of irrigation water with other agricultural inputs could be an important means to conserve water in the face of growing pressures on water resources from both nonagricultural water demands and environmental water requirements. This paper discusses the potential of such substitution through an empirical analysis based on a multiple-input crop production function at the field and farm scales complemented with a numerical modeling exercise at the basin scale. Results from the crop production function analysis show that under both crop yield and net profit maximization, water is a substitute to other crop inputs for high-value crops, and is a complement to water for low-valued crops. At the basin scale, an integrated economic-hydrologic river basin model is used to analyze the role of other factors in crop input substitution, including the spatial connections among water sources and demands, hydro-agronomic conditions, and institutional settings for water allocation. Results show that in the case study area, the Maipo River basin in Chile, where water is very scarce, moving from the current, input-constrained, situation to full optimization of water resources leads to an increase in all crop inputs, including water. In that case, 301 million m³ of additional water use results in additional net profits of USD 11 million. However, if the water fee is raised by a factor of eight while overall basin irrigation profits are maintained at the original, baseline level, a reduction of water withdrawals by 326 million m³ is traded off with costs of USD 43.2 million for other inputs. Irrigation districts with a high share of low-value crops have a low potential for substituting water with other crop inputs. Therefore, investments for water substitution should also be kept low in these areas.     

Alternative approach to determine the common cycle time for a multi-item production system with discontinuous deliveries and failure in rework

This study employs an alternative approach to determine common production cycle time for a multi-item production system with discontinuous deliveries and failure in rework. A straightforward approach using algebraic derivation is proposed here to reexamine a specific common cycle time problem studied by Chiu et al. (2013a,b), where they used the conventional method with the need of applying first-order and second-order differentiations to system cost function for proof of convexity before deriving the optimal common cycle time. The result of this study is confirmed to be identical to that was obtained in Chiu et al. (2013a,b). This alternative approach enables practitioners who may not have sufficient knowledge of differential calculus to manage the real-life multi-item production systems more effectively.     

基于期权博弈理论的资源类景区投资决策框架的构建

越来越多的企业参与到资源类景区的投资中。该类景区投资的不确定性、不可逆性和竞争性,使得传统投资决策方法和理论存在很大的局限性。为此必须在景区投资决策中引入新的投资决策方法和理论。实物期权方法解决了项目未来收益的不确定性、投资成本的沉没性和项目执行的灵活性,博弈理论解决了实物期权的共享性和竞争对手的反映。因此要在资源类景区投资决策中,构建基于期权博弈理论的投资决策构架。     

An economics for development and peace: With a particular focus on the thought of Ernst F. Schumacher

Ernst F. Schumacher'sSmall is Beautiful seems thoroughly persuasive even at the turn of the century, as reckless material development is increasingly recognized as a threat to peace. This article describes how his thought was influenced by Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi's and Schumacher's ways of thinking are considered as alternative development theorees, different from any of those stemming from laissez-faire economics or Marxism. The formulation and proliferation of Schumacher's ideas about intermediate technologies are traced in both Indian and global contexts, to evaluate their sufficiency as bases for development. Moreover, their implications for contemporary economics are discussed, with the assistance of Amartya K. Sen's concepts of “capability,” “sympathy” and “commitment,” which are in clear contrast to the conventional concept of “economic man.” Finally, it is concluded that Schumacher's alternative development theories and practices, as well as Sen's economics, may play important roles in development and peace studies in the 21st century.     

An economics for development and peace: With a particular focus on the thought of Ernst F. Schumacher

Ernst F. Schumacher'sSmall is Beautiful seems thoroughly persuasive even at the turn of the century, as reckless material development is increasingly recognized as a threat to peace. This article describes how his thought was influenced by Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi's and Schumacher's ways of thinking are considered as alternative development theorees, different from any of those stemming from laissez-faire economics or Marxism. The formulation and proliferation of Schumacher's ideas about intermediate technologies are traced in both Indian and global contexts, to evaluate their sufficiency as bases for development. Moreover, their implications for contemporary economics are discussed, with the assistance of Amartya K. Sen's concepts of “capability,” “sympathy” and “commitment,” which are in clear contrast to the conventional concept of “economic man.” Finally, it is concluded that Schumacher's alternative development theories and practices, as well as Sen's economics, may play important roles in development and peace studies in the 21^st century. I am grateful to William Volgor, Michael McPherson, David Schrom and Mark Kurowski for their helpful suggestions on drafts of this article.     

A Modest Proposal for a Two‐Sided Market Clearing Institution under Asymmetric Supply Constraints with Skewed Pricing: The Market for Adoption and Abortion in the United States

This paper presents a theoretical model matching the potential supply of terminated pregnancies with the total demand for children within certain modeling constraints. First, the demand and supply of pregnancies should be studied within the theoretical framework of a market with economic incentives. Second, a theoretical model for the demand for abortion must incorporate the total market for children, which implies the market for pregnancy, abortion, and adoption. Third, there exist in the overall market for procreative goods and services certain unique characteristics that need to be carefully considered. Producers and suppliers within the procreative goods and services market have radically different price and cost elasticity functions and unique production asymmetries that create a potential net benefit for buyer and seller alike. The market for abortion and adoption, while seemingly related and similar, suffer from a fundamental disconnect, preventing a simple exchange of goods and services: abortion implies potential supply that does not flow to potential consumersthose seeking to adopt. Studying this market inefficiency will benefit from a two‐sided market analysis used in situations where an intermediary business must attract both producers and suppliers. There are two key findings. First, I find that the producer decision to supply the good depends primarily on exogenous preference formation and not on consumer‐provided incentives. Second, I find that the market would benefit from legal framework for a market clearing institution using the market for real estate as the blueprint.