开展劳务输出减轻就业压力

随着我国加入WTO和国际经济一体化的进程，劳动力资源在整个世界经济体系配置的趋势也越来越明显。近几年来，发达国家经济持续增长，而劳动力增长缓慢，同时人口老龄化问题严重，迫切需要大量的外籍劳工；一些发展中国家随着经济的高速发展，劳动力也出现了严重的匮乏。各国对于劳动力的大量需求，为劳动力过剩的国家解决就业压力问题提供了一个很好的机会。     

劳工标准与我国国际竞争力

劳工标准已经成为我国不可回避的问题,我们迫切需要弄清楚劳工标准与中国国家竞争力的关系。本文首先对劳工标准的内涵进行了探讨,界定劳工标准为国际劳工组织中核心劳工标准和劳动力价格或成本;在对国家竞争力的内涵进行探讨后,界定国家竞争力为竞争结果和影响因素两方面;然后对我国劳工标准与国家竞争力的关系进行了实证研究,并在此基础上提出了提高我国国际竞争力的对策。     

韩国外籍劳动力雇佣许可制度评析

本文主要从韩国劳动力雇佣许可制度的角度探讨了韩国对外国劳工的管理问题。认为,韩国引进外国劳工制度比较规范,整个过程比较透明,劳工的待遇基本能够保障。但韩国仍然存在着一定数量的非法滞留者,雇佣制度在制度设计上也存在一些不完善之处。韩国外籍劳动力许可制度给我国提供了比较好的启示。     

我国对外直接投资的产业分布及对策分析

随着经济全球化、区域经济一体化的深入发展,各个国家都在积极利用国内、国际两个市场、两种资源来寻求发展。新的跨国投资浪潮正蓬勃兴起,大力吸引外资和积极鼓励本国企业对外投资成为各国重要的经济发展战略。我国也从以引进外部投资为主的外资战略转变为对外直接投资和引进外部直接投资并重的战略,这是我国自身经济发展的需要。     

"国际劳工准则"与我国的劳动法制改革

一、何为"国际劳工标准" 自1919年国际劳工联合会(ILO)成立至今已通过了170多个公约和协定,内容涉及就业、工资、福利、劳动保护、工作条件等诸多方面,这些规定统称"国际劳工标准".长期以来,以美国为首的西方发达国家一直试图将国际劳工标准问题与WTO中的自由贸易体制相挂钩,认为许多发展中国家不合理地使用劳动工人,未能给劳工提供周全的保护,劳工的生活条件、劳动环境无法得到有效保障,导致产品的劳动力成本极低,生产成本扭曲,发展中国家因此在国际贸易的自由化体制中获得不正当的"比较优势".这种因工资低下及其他社会条件的原因形成出口竞争构成了劳动力倾销,使得发达国家工人工资降低,失业率上升,同时由于发展中国家低劳动力成本的吸引,一些跨国公司纷纷将投资和劳动密集型产业转移到发展中国家,造成发达国家产业空心化.少数几个发达国家还把此问题提升到人权的高度,认为这是对劳工人权的粗暴践踏,从而使这个问题涂抹上了一些政治色彩.     

试论我国出口增长中的劳务输出效应

一、出口增长中劳务输出效应理论分析劳动力的国际流动历来受西方各国政府及相关国际组织所关注。许多国家和地区都制定和颁布了各种劳工标准,希望有效地管理或控制劳动力的国际流动。然而,这些法规通常都难遂其愿。因为,劳动力的国际流动毕竟是多种客观因素交织在一起所产生的。在面对该难题时,许多国家和地     

对外劳务合作业务面临的新挑战

一、国际劳务合作的理论与现实传统的国际经济理论认为,国际劳动力流动是国家间经济发展不平衡的结果,劳动力总是从工资低的国家和地区流向工资高的国家和地区。随着世界经济一体化进程的加速,国际劳动力流动的规模将不断扩大,生产资源合理配置的范围必然从国内扩展到全球。联合国劳工组织的数据     

亚太地区劳务市场发生重大变化

近年来,随着亚太地区经济的迅速发展,劳动力短缺渐趋严重,劳动力流动日趋频繁,亚太地区成为世界上重要的劳务市场的迹象更为明显,一些国家正在采取对策迎接这一机会。亚太地区将变成重要的劳务市场1.地区内的劳工人数“迅速增加”。近年来,亚洲国家的劳工正以前所未有的速度改变着亚洲的就业格局。目前,东亚、东南亚有200万劳工离开家乡到该地区的其它国家工作。这种日益增长的劳工不再仅仅由家庭保姆、建筑工人、不熟练的农村劳动力构成,它还     

出口企业应对劳工壁垒之技术分析

加入WTO后我国在世界贸易中外贸依存度不断上升,同时我国是世界上劳动力资源最丰富的国家。劳动力成本低,已成为我国商品和劳务在国际市场上最具竞争优势的要素;劳动密集型产业也在国民经济中占有举足轻重的地位。而长期以来企业对劳工权益的忽视,使得SA8000对我国出口企业的近期压力和远期影响都是客观存在的。文章从中国国情出发提出了出口企业应对劳工壁垒的对策及相关法律措施。     

中国的城乡移民——我们知道什么，我们还应该知道什么？

本文综述了中国农村到城镇迁移问题的经济学研究。综述主要的关注点有四个：(1)城乡分割和移民的演化；(2)对于农村到城镇迁移的解释；(3)迁移与劳动力市场演变的互动关系，特别是劳动力市场的分割、劳动力市场的柔性和工资差距；(4)今后进一步研究的方向。     

1990-2013年国际人口迁移特征、机制及影响研究

在全球化背景下国际人口迁移呈持续增长态势。利用"2013年全球国际人口迁移趋势"和"2013年经合组织国家国际人口迁移展望"数据,分析1990-2013年国际人口迁移的规模、流向、结构等的变动趋势及区域特征,揭示国际人口迁移的主要动力机制,包括发达国家和发展中国家之间经济社会发展的巨大差距、经济全球化、世界经济政治格局变动、国际移民政策调整和人口规模等,以及国际人口迁移对迁入国和迁出国经济发展、劳动就业、财政收支、人口增长等方面产生的影响。     

Government ideology and international migration*

We provide the first empirical evidence that government ideology affects the choice of migration destinations. As ruling political parties differ in their discourse, policies, and positions on migration, the ideology differential between the host and home country governments can shape the relative generosity of the welfare system, the degree of tolerance towards out-groups, and the restrictiveness of migration policies, all acting as important drivers of international migration. Using data on bilateral migration and government ideology for OECD countries between 1990 and 2016, we show that migration flows increase when the government at the destination becomes more left-wing relative to the government at the origin, particularly when both countries are members of the European Economic Area.     

International migration,foreign direct investment,and development stage in developing economies

The existing empirical results on the relationship between FDI and migration are rather mixed. This study reevaluates, both theoretically and empirically, how inward FDI relates to emigration in developing countries. Our model illustrates that the relationship between inward FDI and emigration flows depends on the development stage of a developing country, that is, there is a positive association between inward FDI and emigration flows for relatively less‐developed countries but a negative association between these two variables for relatively developed countries. We confirm the empirical validity of our model prediction using the panel data of 21 OECD and 51 non‐OECD countries during the period from 2003 to 2012. Our results argue that as economic development proceeds in a developing country, the home effect of inward FDI associated with intensified labor demand would dominate the linkage effect that induces the brain drain problem through enhancing the socioeconomic ties with migrant networks.     

劳动力二元结构、产业国际转移障碍与中国对外政策选择

产业国际转移是指发生在国家之间的产业转移,即产业由某些国家或地区转移到另一些国家或地区的现象。从理论上讲,产业国际间转移呈现出一定的梯度性规律。然而,自从中国日益向世界工厂的角色转变之后,由于中国劳动力二元结构特征的存在使得这一从中国向产业低梯度国家的产业国际转移进程受到了很大阻碍。在这种情况下,理应采取各种措施与原有准备承接产业转移的低梯度国家处理好政治经济关系。文章首先介绍了国际产业转移的梯度效应,分析了劳动力二元结构下的国际产业转移障碍,即发生在中国的国际产业转移阻断现象,据此提出了中国对外贸易应注意的战略性政策选择。     

Income maximization and the selection and sorting of international migrants

Two prominent features of international labor movements are that the more educated are more likely to emigrate (positive selection) and more educated migrants are more likely to settle in destination countries with high rewards to skill (positive sorting). Using data on emigrant stocks by schooling level and source country in OECD destinations, we find that a simple model of income maximization can account for both phenomena. Results on selection show that migrants for a source-destination pair are more educated relative to non-migrants the larger is the absolute skill-related difference in earnings between the destination country and the source. Results on sorting indicate that the relative stock of more educated migrants in a destination is increasing in the absolute earnings difference between high and low-skilled workers. We use our framework to compare alternative specifications of international migration, estimate the magnitude of migration costs by source-destination pair, and assess the contribution of wage differences to how migrants sort themselves across destination countries.     

Labor Mobility and East Asian Integration

East Asian economic integration is commonly analyzed in the context of trade in goods and services and capital flows, while labor flows have been very much neglected. Yet labor flows in the region are rapidly growing, given the diversity in levels of economic development, employment opportunities and wage levels, and the existence of labor surplus and deficit countries. Labor migration poses more benefits than costs for both sending and receiving countries, but there are more sensitivities toward labor flows than trade and capital flows. The characteristics and government policies are different for the unskilled and semiskilled foreign workers and for the professionals and highly skilled. Regional cooperation among countries is needed to manage the flows, reduce the incidence of illegal and undocumented workers, reduce the transaction costs of migration, and protect the rights of these workers.     

国际垂直专业化对发展中国家的影响与启示

二战以后,在国际垂直专业化迅速发展的过程中,发展中国家越来越多地被卷入全球化生产的链条。作者应用相关理论模型,分析了国际垂直专业化对发展中国家国际分工、收入分配以及技术进步等方面的影响,并在此基础上就包括中国在内的发展中国家如何应对国际垂直专业化的发展趋势提出政策建议。     

Natural resources and international labour mobility

We study the relationship between natural resource wealth and (skilled and unskilled) emigration. The source data for international migration rates come from Brücker, Capuano, and Marfouk (2013) and measures of resource wealth from the World Bank database. We find that natural resource abundance reduces skilled emigration regardless of countries’ natural wealth, but that natural resources reduce unskilled emigration only in resource-rich countries.     

非经济因素对农村剩余劳动力转移作用和影响的理论分析

工业化对于一个国家或地区经济腾飞的重要性,已经被西方发达国家的经验和道路所证实。在实现工业化的过程中,农村劳动力转移是世界各国都曾经或必将面对的重要课题。农村劳动力转移的动因和机制是十分复杂的,从成本收益的经济学视角,运用局部静态均衡分析方法建立理论模型,分析了非经济因素对农村劳动力转移的影响和作用。     

FACTOR MIGRATION AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN SOME DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

A three factor, two sector general equilibrium model is used to determine long run income distributional impacts of factor supply changes associated with international migration in developing and newly industrializing countries. Factor intensity rankings among three factors (capital, skilled and unskilled labor) between two industries (agriculture and manufacturing-services) play a critical role in determining which factors are natural friends with respect to migration. A result common to all countries is observed friendship between capital and unskilled labor: reducing (increasing) the supply of one will lower (raise) payments to the other.