论决定油价变化的主要因素

一从供求律说起资本主义社会以市场经济为主,商品的价格受供求律的影响很大。从现象来看,若供过于求则价格下跌;求过于供则价格上涨。在社会主义社会供求律亦具一定作用。但从本质上分析,商品的价值量取决于社会必要劳动时间,商品按价值相等的原则交换。在资本主义社会,商品价格随商品供求关系的变化围绕价值而上下波动,在社会主义社     

社会主义市场经济条件下对价值的思考

价值一词,应用比较广泛,在不同的学科领域有不同的定义。这里主要是指商品的价值而言。我国经济体制改革的目标是建立社会主义市场经济体制。市场经济是商品经济运行的总体,是发达的商品经济。既然存在着商品,就不能不对商品的价值进行研究。 一、社会主义市场经济条件下价值的特点 社会主义市场经济在方法上基本上和资本主义社会相似,作为市场经济一般性的运行规则不会因为社会制度的不同而改变。但是由于社会的发展和实践的深化,我们所建立的社会主义市场经济既不同于自由资     

钢材与废钢交换中的价值规律

废钢市场放开以来,用钢材交换废钢成为解决冶金工业原料和社会对钢材需求的一种途径,也是进行商品交换的基本形式之一。因此,如何在钢材、废钢交换中合理运用价值规律,这是提高企业和社会经济效益的不可忽视的问题。本文仅就钢材与废钢交换中的价值变化情况,作些粗浅的探讨。 一、合理的钢材与废钢比例是价值规律的内在联系 废钢市场放开以来,首先提出的问题,是按什么原则进行串换。一种是按冶炼过程中金属料消耗量计算。这种原则由于只是单纯考虑了自然科学规律,而脱离了价值规律,因而是不够全面的。另一种原则是按钢材与废钢在社会经济领域发展中的价格变化规律进行交换,在利益均等的条件下,使交换双方都有一定程度的经济效益。在商品交     

开放劳动力市场,不等于劳动力就是商品

张一德撰文(见《经济研究资料》1986年第1期《开放劳动力市场是劳动力管理体制改革的中心环节》)指出,开放劳动力市场不等于劳动力就是商品。 他认为,市场是交换的场所,交换有商品交换与非商品交换之分。在未来共产主义社会,商品生产消亡了,但是产品交换将得到充分发展。在社会主义社会中,有许多交换关系,都是非商品性的。     

流通及其在国民经济中的作用

流通是什么 ?马克思主义的流通观认为 ,流通是社会再生产过程中生产、分配、交换 (流通 )、消费中的一个独立的经济活动。流通是商品以货币为媒介的交换。在商品经济时代一切生产转化为商品生产 ,是为卖而进行的生产 ,商品通过流通才能实现其价值和使用价值 ,而这种商品的交换已不是产品的直接交换 ,而是以货币为媒介的等价交换。生产是人类利用和改造自然从而创造物质财富的经济活动 ,是社会再生产的首要环节 ,如果没有生产要素及其创造的物质财富 ,后续的分配、消费及交换要素就会成为无源之水、无本之木。因此 ,从单个再生产过程看 ,生产…     

价值规律

商品生产和商品交换的基本规律。主要内容和要求（：商品的价值由生产商品的社会必要劳动时间决定，商品交换要以价值为基础进行等价交换。价格要与价值相一致。价格围绕价值上下波动是它的表现形式。在社会主义有计划商品经济下．利用价值规律能促进社会主义生产力的发展。价值规律     

钢铁企业走向市场的几点战略思考

1 钢铁企业的经营战略应以市场为导向 市场经济是商品经济存在和发展客观要求的逻辑结论。市场是价值评估的客观标准,生产者生产的商品是否为社会所需要,能否实现其价值,要在市场交换过程中才能得到检验和证明。因此,企业的经营战略应以市     

加速吉林省技术与信息市场的发展建设

技术市场作为整个市场体系的组成部分,它有自己特定的概念。狭义的概念,技术市场是技术商品交换的场所;广义的概念,技术市场是指技术商品的流通领域,是技术商品交换关系的总和。技术市场的形成是技术作为商品进行交换的客观和必然的要求,是社会分工和商品经济发展的产物。技术市场交易的内容,包括科技成果转让、专利许可证贸易、技术难题招标的委托研究、技术咨询、技术服务、技术培训、技术投资和入股、技术设计、技术承包、人才流动和智力流动、技术信息贸易、国际性的技术贸易和技术咨询等。     

浅谈市场经济与宏观调控

加强和改善宏观调控是一项需要长期坚持的战略措施。认真研究和总结在市场经济条件下加强和改善宏观调控的理论和经验,是摆在理论工作者面前的重要任务。 (一) 从理论上讲,市场经济与商品经济是联系在一起的,市场经济是高度发展的商品经济。 商品是为了交换而生产的,也就是为市场而生产的,有商品生产和商品交换就有市场。从这个意义上讲,商品经济和市场经济是同一范畴。但是,市场经济作为社会经济运行机制和调节方式,已经远远超出了商品经济的范畴而与商品经济相区别。     

走出市场经济条件下商品包装的误区

马克思主义政治经济学的商品价值理论认为,在资本主义条件下商品的价值是由不变资本、可变资本和剩余价值三部分构成的,在社会主义条件下商品的价值则是由消耗在商品中的生产资料价值、工人的工资和利润三部分构成的,而无论在资本主义或是社会主义条件下,商品的价值都是在生产过程中增值的(生产出来的),是在流通过程中得以实现的。商品的     

基于价值网络重构的企业商业模式创新

建构价值网络逐步成为企业商业模式创新的重要方式,但狭义的价值网络观对企业盈利机理的解释并未突破价值链将投入转换为产品的传统逻辑。本文从更广义的价值生态系统角度剖析网络价值交换逻辑和企业价值的实现机理,从网络重构出发分析了五种不同的商业模式创新路径。本文认为,受竞争压力与技术变迁的推动,网络组织的价值创造逻辑呈现颠覆性变化:顾客价值创造与企业价值实现的分离。这种分离导致许多企业即使实现了顾客价值最大化也未必产生收入,尤其面对互联网的免费经济趋势,企业只有重构价值网络、拓展新的收入源才能实现盈利并保证商业模式的稳定性。     

The Maximum Prospective Value Criterion

In this paper the authors analyze the logic of the capital budgeting decision in two different settings. First it is assumed that the decision-maker has complete information about both his current and future investment opportunities in which case the decision problem reduces basically to a computing problem. Second it is assumed that the decision maker has complete information about his current investment opportunities and a knowledge of his expectations about future investment opportunities.

The authors analyze the logic underlying the selection of the capital growth (discount) rate that should be used in determining whether a marginal increment of investment should be accepted or rejected. If the marginal increment were rejected, the unused cash would typically be invested temporarily in a highly liquid investment at a relatively low interest rate with the prospect that a better than marginal investment would absorb the funds at the next decision time.

The analysis led to the formulation of a capital-budgeting decision criterion, called the Maximum Prospective Value Criterion, which is presented in this article. As its name implies, the criterion is designed to select the set of investments that has the maximum prospective value, given the decision-maker's expectations about his future investment opportunities. This criterion relates the capital-budgeting decision to the opportunity-cost and marginal-analysis concepts of classical economics. The present-worth criterion of engineering economy is shown to be a special case of the Maximum Prospective Value Criterion, and the minimum at tractive rate of return of engineering economy when properly selected appears to be closely related to the capital growth rate on the marginal increment of investment.     

价值工程在工业企业低碳生产中的应用研究

本文以工业企业为研究对象,分析了工业企业低碳生产的现状,发现了工业企业能源消耗量大、低碳减排潜力巨大的特点。在价值工程和低碳经济的研究基础上,给出了价值工程的扩展公式,并将此扩展公式运用到工业企业的低碳生产之中,为工业企业降低碳排放,发展低碳生产提供了有效途径。     

A Review of: ADVANCED TECHNIQUES FOR STRATEGIC PLANNING by Ernest C. Miller

The Net Present Value (NPV) rule of financial theory gives management a decisive criterion for choosing between abandonment versus continuation of capital projects. There is extensive evidence, however, that management chooses to delay the abandonment of unprofitable projects. This paper attempts to explain management's reluctance to abide by the NPV criterion. The concept of a Reputation Adjusted Net Present Value is introduced in an environment where management knows more about the true value of a project than do stakeholders. The model indicates that, in such an environment, the continuation of a negative NPV project may maximize firm value.     

价值系统的模块化与价值转移

“价值”是一个极具争议且令人富于联想的词汇。在最近的文献中,涉及产品价值的研究多数是从企业生产、经营和管理的角度展开的,从消费者层面系统研究产品价值问题的著述并不多见。基于此,本文试图从消费者层面挖掘产品价值的基本内涵,通过对消费者需求的剖析,揭示出产品的价值形成、价值测试以及价值结构的基本关系;进而利用模块化的基本原理阐释了价值系统的模块化结构;在此基础上,厘清了产品价值系统的三类价值转移问题。     

Evaluation of a mining project under the joint effect of commodity price and exchange rate uncertainties using real options valuation

Cash flows generated by mining projects tend to be volatile and are extensively influenced by exogenous variables, notably commodity prices and exchange rates. The traditional discounted cash flow (DCF) method, which is normally used for economic feasibility studies and mining project evaluations, presents inconsistencies because the method fails to adequately address uncertainties and operational flexibilities and often ignores certain specific market conditions. Numerous studies have been carried out for mining project evaluations using the real options valuation (ROV) technique for assessing commodity price uncertainty, but there is no research on the combined effects of price and exchange rate uncertainties. Therefore, in order to assess the economic viability of a mining project more accurately, the commodity price and its inherent volatility, the exchange rate and its inherent volatility, and the correlation parameters between them have been incorporated into the model and used in the evaluation process. One of the interesting findings revealed in the study is that project values are overestimated if only commodity price uncertainty is considered in evaluating the project value instead of the joint effect of commodity price and exchange rate uncertainties. This new ROV technique will explore the opportunity to utilize an alternative methodology for approximating project values and to identify valuation opportunities to enhance economic gains or to mitigate economic losses, where the DCF valuation method does not.     

房地产三种评估价格的比较分析

简要的阐述了比准价格、收益价格、积算价格三种房地产评估价格的形成机理及理论依据，并从对一种观点的局限性分析出发，综合运用市场供求理论、均衡理论以及短边原则，对不同市场背景下三种估价方法得出的评估价格进行经济比较分析。     

价值模块的虚拟再整合:以IC产业为例

价值链分解和模块化导致了IC产业的价值转移，模块化背景下的虚拟再整合是IC产业的发展趋势。本文分析了价值链与价值模块的区别和联系，以集成电路产业(IC产业)为例研究了产业的价值转移和虚拟再整合，探讨了产业内部企业之间的关系，认为EMS(工程、制造、服务)和CMM(零组件模块化快速出货)模式是IC产业虚拟再整合的重要经营模式，以地方政府或模块架构设计者等主导者为中心实施价值模块协同网战略(VMCN)将会促进我国全球制造中心的形成。     

商品包装废物分类与识别

面对日益严重的商品包装废物问题,建立了包装废物的分类标准并给出了实施建议,提出了包装废物识别包括物理识别和价值识别的观点,指出包装废物的识别可通过废物识别标志实现,构建了包装废物识别标志的概念模型及其网络框图。     

Value Creation and Value Capture in Open Innovation

Open innovation has attracted a significant amount of attention from scholars and practitioners. Prior research on open innovation has mainly focused on collaborative inventing. However, understanding the processes and outcomes of joint inventing is not sufficient for understanding sustained open‐innovation activities and the competitive advantages of the actors involved in open innovation. Instead, an understanding of value creation and value capture is paramount for advancing our understanding of sustained open‐innovation activities. Open innovation requires collaboration among distributed but interdependent actors who rely on each other’s capabilities for value creation and capture. Value in open innovation is driven not only by actors’ value creation but also by their ability to capture value. While value creation and value capture are discussed in the open‐innovation literature, the advancement of this stream of research is hindered by conceptual ambiguity, especially in relation to the concept of value capture. This article adopts a value perspective on open innovation, offers consistent conceptualizations of value creation and value capture, and outlines potential avenues for further research at the interface of open innovation, value creation, and value capture.