加入WTO对我国技术创新政策的挑战及其对策分析

乌拉圭回合通过的《补贴和反补贴措施协议》对ＷＴＯ成员国产业Ｒ＆Ｄ所允许补贴的范围、强度和合法成本类型进行了严格的规定,加入ＷＴＯ,我国支持技术创新的各项法律法规和政策也也必须遵循该协议的有关规则。我国产业Ｒ＆Ｄ投资相对不足是不争的事实,除了经济发展阶段和企业研发能力等因素外,多数支持技术创新财政金融（刺激）政策主要集中于商业化阶段,是导致产业Ｒ＆Ｄ激励机制不足的重要原因之一。加入ＷＴＯ,我国技术创     

多哈回合谈判再陷僵局

WTO总干事拉米7月30日宣布,经过长时间艰苦的谈判,部长们没有就农业和非农问题达成一致意见,多哈回合再度破裂。拉米对新闻媒体说,在20个谈判主题中有18个已经有了眉目,但是在第19个——发展中国家的特殊保障机制问题上,各方目标差距难以消除,导致谈判不能达成最后协议。拉米承认,这对持续7年未果的多哈回合是"沉重的打击"。毫无疑问,多哈回合谈判再度受挫意味着全球最重要的多边贸易体系再度止步。中国     

我国现行税收优惠政策面临调整

减免企业应交政府的税款，实际上是政府对企业的一种补贴，这在我国经济发展中，已广泛使用。这种税收优惠政策，对贯彻国家产业政策，支持鼓励一些企业特别是高新技术企业的发展，发挥了积极作用。但是“入世”后，按照世贸组织《补贴与反补贴措施协议》，为实现国民待遇和公平竞争，就需要对我国现行的税收优惠加以分析，调整、修改、完善或重新制定有关税收政策。补贴与反补贴协议的主要内容 世贸组织《补贴与反补贴措施协议》是由11个部分32条和7个附件组成。其主要内容包括： （一）补贴的范围 补贴的范围包括：1．政府直接拨付的资金…     

培育低碳经济为新的增长点

经过马拉松式的艰苦谈判，联合国气候变化大会于丹麦哥本哈根2009年12月19日下午达成了不具法律约束力的《哥本哈根协议》。《哥本哈根协议》维护了《联合国气候变化框架公约》及其《京都议定书》确定的“共同但有区别的责任”原则，就发达国家实行强制减排和发展中国家采取自主减排行动做出了安排，并就全球长期目标、资金和技术支持、     

WTO争端解决机制的运行特点

ＷＴＯ争端解决机制的核心内容 及意义 ──争端解决机制的形成 经过１９８６～１９９４年ＧＡＴＴ乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判，以ＧＡＴＴ４０多年争端解决实践为基础，终于形成了ＷＴＯ争端解决机制的基本法律文件《马拉喀什建立世界贸从组织协议》附件二《关于争端解决规则一程序的谅解》（以下简称《谅解》）包括２７条和４个附件，主要内容涉及世界贸易组织争端解决机制（以下简称“ＤＳＢ”）的在用范围、管理机制、一般原则、基本程序和特殊程序。 ──ＷＴＯ争端解决机制调整的对象和范围 ＷＴＯ争端解决机制适用于乌拉圭回合各项协议…     

重庆“汽车下乡”作用谨慎乐观

近日有消息传出,国家即将出台新一轮汽车补贴政策,包括重新启动“以旧换新”和“汽车下乡”等。风声源于5月16日国务院召开的一次常务会议。据报道,会议上讨论通过了《国家基本公共服务体系“十二五”规划》,会议研究了在“十二五”时期促进节能汽车等产品消费的政策措施,决定安排60亿元支持推广1．6升及以下排量节能汽车。     

世贸组织后过渡期我国农产品对外贸易政策的选择

在世贸组织后过渡期,我国对外贸易的环境条件已经发生了深刻的变化。如何在世贸组织的框架下,选择合理的农产品贸易政策,进一步扩大我国农产品对外贸易,促进国内农业的持续健康发展,是我国需要迫切解决的问题。本文在对世贸组织农业协议基本框架以及世贸组织后过渡期我国农产品贸易保护政策选择的内外部环境条件进行分析的基础上,提出我国农产品贸易保护政策的一些建议。     

世界贸易组织概况

世贸组织是独立于联合国的永久性国际组织 ,负责管理世界经济和贸易秩序。 1995年 1月 1日正式运作 ,总部在日内瓦。基本职能 :组织实施所辖的各项贸易协定、协议 ;对不属于“一揽子”协议的多边贸易协议提供保障 ;为成员提供处理各协定、协议有关事务的谈判场所 ;为世贸组织发动多边贸易谈判提供场所、谈判准备和框架草案 ;解决成员间贸易争端 ,管理世贸组织争端解决协议 ;对各成员的贸易政策、法规进行定期审评 ;协调与国际货币基金组织和世界银行等经济组织的关系 ,保证全球经济决策的凝聚力和一致性。宗旨 :提高生活水平 ,保证充分就业 …     

NCC:补贴应该这样减

美国国家棉花总会(NCC)总裁兼CEO马朗先生8月6日表示,媒体对WTO框架协议中要求减少20%补贴这一内容的报道有失事实。马朗解释说,减少的20%补贴不能单从棉花的191亿美元补贴中扣除,削减补贴的基数应当为490亿美元。不过这样做可能导致其他农产品设法脱离一揽子框架协议,因此其他农产品之间的竞争会变得激烈。马朗说,由于美国农业补贴很复杂,媒体很容易对取消补贴的概念产生误解。不过美国贸易代表罗伯特·佐利克和NCC均认为,为保持农业政策有效,可以采取灵活的态度来取消补贴。他补充说,此次削减补贴是分期行动的第一步,美国将保证日后…     

地理标志的淡化和通用

现在WTO的多哈回合谈判正在努力重新启动，虽然有报道说欧盟可能在农业问题的谈判上作出让步，但是除了农业问题一直是WTO谈判的焦点外，与贸易有关的知识产权领域的谈判也是世贸组织成员争论比较激烈的议题。其中，在TRIPS协定中的“地理标志”问题是谈判的重点，甚至形成了两大对立集团，一个     

WTO negotiations on agriculture and the distributional impacts for US rice farm households

The policies of wealthy countries have proven the most difficult to reform in the WTO Doha Round negotiations. Considerable emphasis has been placed on developing country impacts, but a gap in the literature remains on the stakes for rich country farmers despite the large role these countries play in global agricultural protection. The research here considers the particular case of US rice households and their sensitivity to Japanese market access reform. Using an applied general equilibrium model with multiple farm households we highlight the distributional impacts among these producers. We argue that concessions to Japan on market access make domestic reforms in rice a difficult political sale in the US since the wealthiest producers bear the largest losses. Improving our understanding of the distributional impacts and political realities of the richest countries is critical to informing the negotiating process because the gains to the world’s poor can only be realized with creative policy redress in these rich nations.     

我国出口玩具应对有关非关税措施的攻守建议

经过在关贸协定（GATT）下的八轮谈判后,关贸协定各缔约国成为了WTO的成员国。虽然各成员国在交涉过程中相互作了大量的让步与妥协,但在比如农产品和非农产品,纺织品与贸易相关的技术问题,以及进出口检验检疫,服务贸易,与贸易相关的知识产权等诸多问题上面,发达国家与发展中国家出自本国的利 益考虑，仍存在着重大分歧。为了解决这些问题，各成员国在WTO框架下，开始了新一轮回合的谈判。     

The distributional effect of the rice policy in Japan, 1986–2010

This study aims to evaluate the distributional effect of the governmental rice policy in Japan on producers, consumers, and government expenditures from 1986 to 2010 using a partial equilibrium model. Policy measures include government purchase of rice, output payment, and acreage control. The simulation result shows that acreage control has been the principal policy measure for transferring income to producers, especially since the enforcement of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture. Acreage control is the policy measure with the lowest total efficiency and highest budgetary efficiency. This result implies that the government’s goal of transferring income to producers with minimum government cost has been achieved through a combination of policy measures.     

对加入WTO后"以市场换技术"的思考

“以市场换技术”是20世纪80年代中后期以来我国吸引外国直接投资的重要目标之一。本文首先简要回顾了中国在加入WTO前的“以市场换技术”战略,在此基础上,分析了在加入WTO后“以市场换技术”的政策环境和外资在华行为的变化以及国际产业发展呈现出的新趋势,最后对如何促进“以市场换技术”提出了若干建议。     

The licensing of telecommunication suppliers: Beyond the EU’s Directive

The WTO agreement on basic telecommunication services does not provide detailed guidance for giving effect to member country commitments, especially in regard to the licensing reform which will be required to permit easier market access. This is where the EU’s recent Licensing Directive takes on special significance beyond its application to Europe since it is likely to be closely examined as a potential model for multinational licensing reform. For this reason, it is important to draw attention to the shortcomings of the EU directive to help ensure that they are not transported into any model/principles of licensing reform developed to give effect to the WTO Agreement.     

The disappearing budget constraint on EU agricultural policy

Concern over budgetary costs has been the traditional driving force behind changes to the EU's Common Agricultural Policy. While the recent MacSharry reform of this policy was more related to external pressures arising from the need to reach an agreement on agriculture in the GATT Uruguay Round, many expect the budgetary constraint to re-emerge towards the end of this decade, particularly in the light of the impending accession of a number of Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs). This paper argues that it is unlikely that there will be any budgetary need to further reform Europe's agricultural policy to accommodate the CEECs. Applying the agricultural guideline to estimate resources and using a simple forecasting model of FEOGA Guarantee budget expenditure, the paper demonstrates that, under a range of plausible assumptions for the key variables affecting resources and expenditure, a significant positive margin should emerge between available resources and the cost of EU agricultural policy by the beginning of the next decade. This margin should be sufficient to pay the estimated costs of extending the present CAP to the CEEC countries without further significant reform. However, even though the budget cinstraint on EU farm policy may disappear, other factors, such as GATT disciplines and concern about agriculture's impact on the environment, will remain as pressures for further CAP reform.     

加入WTO对中国钢铁企业的影响及策略分析

中国加入WTO，使国内钢铁企业的生存环境发生新的变化，本文通过引用大量数据资料，结合WTO的相关条款，认真分析了加入WTO给国内钢铁企业带来的机遇和挑战，根据国内钢铁企业发现状以及与国外先进企业的差距，就如何推进企业管理，机制和技术创新，实施联合重组，提高竞争实力，阐述了自己的观点。     

Cerrado meets savannah,family farmers meet peasants: The political economy of Brazil’s agricultural cooperation with Mozambique

Brazil’s development cooperation policy with sub-Saharan Africa has intensified since the end of the 2000s, with Mozambique being the country’s largest partner. This South–South Cooperation enterprise has shown intentions to share elements drawn from previous experiences of programmes implemented in Brazil, particularly in the rural sector. However, Brazilian agricultural policy is notorious for its dualistic structure, and dominant political strategy has been marked by the accommodation of two different – occasionally contradictory – agricultural policy agendas, reflecting how current political forces are organized. This article demonstrates how such a dualistic structure shapes Brazil’s technical cooperation with Mozambique, pointing out that it is still unclear how far rural development perspectives rooted in the particularities of Brazilian agrarian dynamics would be useful for projects implemented in different rural contexts. We argue that, since Mozambican agricultural plans primarily emphasize a perspective that focuses on market-oriented agricultural modernization, a potential reform of the current cooperation policy toward more inclusive agenda, focused on family farming, faces political economy constraints. We conclude that the appropriation of a foreign project relies on the political economy dynamics of related contexts and power relations of involved stakeholders, an area that could deserve further attention from researchers investigating Brazil–Mozambique relations.     

How useful is the PSE in determining agricultural support?

The support of the agricultural sector in developed countries plays a major role in the international policy agenda. The producer support estimate (PSE) is one of the best known measures which has been developed by OECD and is used all over the globe. In the PSE all types of support are aggregated and one of the main components (70% at OECD level) is the market price support (MPS). Here we show by means of characteristic examples that the MPS has no clear relation to basic economic measures determining support for producers as a consequence of policy intervention. The MPS overestimates the consequences of tariffs and export subsidies and underestimates the consequences of quota systems in determining producer support. Misperception of the size and directions of support may affect policy decision-making wrongly. The paper indicates that weighted average producer prices, corrected for quantity restrictions, may be more useful than the reference prices and quantities used by OECD.     

Telecommunications infrastructure competition in Greece: Potential scenarios for future debates

In the light of the forthcoming liberalization in the provision of public voice telephony services and infrastructure in the European Union (EU), particular concerns have been expressed with regard to the realization of these competition principles in the less favoured regions. This article discusses the case of Greece, the country which has traditionally lagged behind other member states in both network infrastructure and institutional reorganization of the sector. Evidence from documentary and interview-based research shows that, although little progress has been made in liberalization policy and practice, underlying trends expressed by domestic and foreign actors could lead to a situation where signs of infrastructure competition may appear.