Inefficient Local Regulation of Local Externalities

The consequences of commitment failure have been missing from debates about the decentralized regulation of automobile emissions and other sources of local consumption externalities. Even when the direct external effects of such products are limited to a single jurisdiction, the presence of increasing returns‐to‐scale production causes one jurisdiction's choice of regulatory standard to affect the prices and availability of goods elsewhere. Decentralized regulatory equilibria may be inefficient as a result. Because of a commitment failure, production may be split between standards—and consumers denied the full range of products—when it is efficient to have standards that allow products to be consumed everywhere. Coordination failures may cause similar inefficiencies. The results question the usefulness of the principle of subsidiarity as commonly employed.     

Local perfection

We investigate solution concepts for normal-form games with large strategy spaces. “Trembling hand” perfection (THP) is extended to games with compact metric strategy sets. A Nash equilibrium is THP if it is the limit of equilibria in which agents face vanishingly small uncertainty. We refine THP by imposing some structure on the kind of uncertainty that agents face: a THP equilibrium is locally perfect if the uncertainty is “predominantly local” in nature, i.e., if agents' probability assessments assign, in the limit, an overwhelmingly lage proportion of the total probability mass to events “in the vicinity of the truth.”     

论辖区经济发展中的“地方政府主导”

文章探讨了"地方政府主导"产生的动因、两种不同类型"主导"及其相应的积极作用和消极影响、地方政府基于自身利益动因的行为选择机制及相关环境影响条件。指出几乎普遍存在的地方政府主导对辖区经济发展产生了深刻的影响。进一步深化改革的关键,应是改进相关环境影响条件,诱导地方政府供给更多的"综合型主导,"减少"片面型主导"的供给。     

关于地方债务问题的若干思考

建立地方公债制度是分级分税财政体制的客观要求 ,也是增加地方政府自主财力、健全地方财政信用机制 ,化解地方债务风险的有效途径。因此 ,随着财政体制改革的深入 ,应考虑修改相关法规 ,先行试点 ,逐步扩展 ,稳妥、有序地建立中国特色的地方公债制度。     

地方治理国际研讨会综述

2008年12月8-9日,由中央编译局比较政治与经济研究中心、联合国治理中心联合主办的地方治理国际学术研讨会在北京成功举行.来自中国、韩国、菲律宾、泰国和越南的近20位国内外专家学者参加了会议.中央编译局副局长、中央编译局比较政治与经济研究中心主任俞可平为会议致开幕词,中央编译局比较政治与经济研究中心的专家何增科、杨雪冬、周红云、赖海榕等出席了会议并做了主题发言.     

地方分税制改革与地方税制的完善

为保证地方政府履行职能,完善地方税制、在省、县之间划分税收十分必要。省以下地方实行分税制应坚持有利于地方配置和公平分配、满足地方基本需要、地方征管成本最小和保证地方税收自主原则;主要内容包括:建立省、县两级分税制体系,调整税制结构,加强地方税制的资源配置和收入分配作用。     

地方政府干预地方银行行为分析

政府和银行的关系问题一直是改革中的难题之一，本从现实出发，初步介绍了中央政策和国有银行的关系问题，全面分析了地方政府和地方银行的关系变迁，现状及未来。     

地方财政支出结构与地方经济发展的实证研究——基于聚类分析的新视角

本文首先对财政支出与经济发展之间关系的研究进行了述评,进而采用聚类分析的方法,以地方财政支出结构和经济发展水平为主要指标对区域重新进行划分,把全国划分为四大经济区域类型。在此基础上,利用面板数据对地方财政支出结构与地方经济发展的关联性进行实证检验,研究表明:我国地方财政支出结构的经济增长效应具有比较鲜明的地区差异性,不同地区类型的各项财政支出的产出弹性差异较大。其蕴含的政策意义是在优化地方财政支出结构时,一定要特别注意与地方经济发展水平及各项地方财政支出的产出弹性相适应。     

地方金融的一连串事件

这几个事件表面上彼此孤立，但其实有着隐蔽的逻辑一致性：地方政府为获得“真正属于自己的金融资源”而做的长期努力，目前正在开花结果。     

Local Sunspot Equilibria Reconsidered

We generalize the usual notion of local sunspot equilibria. We say such equilibria exist around a steady state of an OLG economy whenever stationary sunspot equilibria of arbitrarily close economies exist within any neighborhood of the steady state. Unlike the usual notion, this generalization allows to address the following identification problem: Can an analyst distinguish empirically small fluctuations due to small shocks to the fundamentals from pure expectations-driven fluctuations? We study conditions under which these generalized local sunspot equilibria exist in OLG economies, and show that they may exist around not only indeterminate but also determinate steady states.     

进一步搞好地方政府管理体制改革

中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十个五年计划的《纲要》指出:“继续推进行政管理体制和政府机构改革,建立廉洁高效、运转协调、行为规范的行政管理体制,推行政府决策的民主化、科学化。”《纲要》还进一步指出:“要按照发展社会主义市场经济的要求,进一步转变政府职能,集中精力搞好宏观调控和创造良好的市场环境,不直接干预企业正常的生产经营活动。要加快政府审批制度改革,大幅度减少行政性审批,规范审批行为,强化监督机制。继续改革和精简政府机构,解决部门职责不清、管理层次多、办事效率不高等问题。”江泽民同志在建党80周年讲话…     

中国地方政府债务管理“弱动力”问题研究

近年来,如何加强对地方政府债务的管理成为中国改革与发展中的一个重点和难点问题。当前,地方政府的债务管理活动尽管透露出一定的创新动力,但总体上看仍存在明显的“弱动力”问题,尚不足以推动债务管理的改革。为强化地方政府债务管理动力,中央政府应授予地方政府合法举债权,将债务管理纳入地方政府绩效考核体系,硬化地方政府的预算约束,并完善对地方政府债务管理的监督制约。     

Local export spillovers in France

This paper investigates the presence of local export spillovers on both the extensive (the decision to start exporting) and the intensive (the export volume) margins of trade, using data on French individual export flows, at the product-level and by destination country, between 1998 and 2003. We investigate whether the individual decision to start exporting and exported volume are influenced by the presence of nearby product and/or destination specific exporters, using a gravity-type equation estimated at the firm-level. Spillovers are considered at a fine geographical level corresponding to employment areas (348 in France). We control for the new economic geography-type selection of firms into agglomerated areas, and for the local price effects of firms agglomeration. Results show evidence of the presence of export spillovers on the export decision but not on the exported volume. We interpret this as a first evidence of export spillovers acting through the fixed rather than the variable cost. Spillovers on the decision to start exporting are stronger when specific, by product and destination, and are not significant when considered on all products-all destinations. Moreover, export spillovers exhibit a spatial decay within France: the effect of other exporting firms on the export decision is stronger within employment areas and declines with distance.     

Local interaction in tax evasion

When individuals underreport their incomes, they take into account their private gains and moral losses, the latter depending on the acquaintances’ previous underreports. We prove that under quite natural assumptions the process globally converges to the symmetric steady state.     

试论地方政府举债

围绕是否应当赋予地方政府债券发行权的问题,人们往往是从地方公共产品的供给和财政体制因素两个方面来进行讨论。地方公共产品的供给是地方政府举债的原动力,而财政体制明确规定了地方政府的财权,又成为地方政府能否发行债券的必要条件。按照这个思路,人们可以解释为什么地方政府要举债(包括发行债券)和怎么能够举债的问题。然而,单从地方公共产品的供给上看,     

Local Pollution in Federal Systems

It is widely accepted that decentralized control of local pollution is inefficient if the central and the local authorities are imperfectly informed. This paper shows how the central authority can introduce a flexible grant-in-aid system that induces the local authority to use a weighted combination of local and central information when the local authority suffers from confirmatory bias. If the central authority is highly uncertain about the environmental effects of a specific pollutant, the tax/subsidy scheme can be designed to allow local information to play an essential role in the environmental policy. If the central authority is certain that a pollutant must not exceed a specific limit, the tax/subsidy scheme can be designed to allow local information little influence on the environmental policy.     

Local monopsony and free riders

In an industry with upstream economies of scale in the distribution of differentiated products to retailers which have monopoly power within separate local market areas, the retailers have an incentive to exert monopsony power due to the divergence between average and marginal costs in the distribution of those inputs. The retailers increase their ability to exert monopsony power by forming coalitions (that is, chains) across local markets. Sufficiently large retail chains may force input price below the seller's average cost, thus ‘free riding’ on the level of product variety supported by other retailers. Vertical integration, cartels, or other cooperative behavior, however, can be means to control the level of product variety, and may increase both industry profits and economic welfare. Policy applications to the cable television, motion picture, and pharmaceutical industries are discussed.     

Local coordination and market equilibria

We reformulate the local stability analysis of market equilibria in a competitive market as a local coordination problem in a market game, where the map associating market prices to best-responses of all traders is common knowledge and well-defined both in and out of equilibrium. Initial expectations over market variables differ from their equilibrium values and are not common knowledge. This results in a coordination problem as traders use the structure of the market game to converge back to equilibrium. We analyse a simultaneous move and a sequential move version of the market game and explore the link with local rationalizability.     

构建中小企业融资的金融支持体系——兼论设立地方性民营银行

作者从深化国有企业改革，国有资本将实行战略转移的大战略背景出发，研究中小企业和民管企业发展机遇与中小企业由来已久的融资难桎梏其发展的矛盾，根据中小企业发展均要经初创、成长、成熟三阶段，在每一个阶段的融资需求和融资量等所需的金融服务的不同性，以及中国的改革和制度变迁的特点，按比较优势的原则，作者提出构建以地方性中小金融机构主体和地方性民营金融机构为重点，国有商业银行为辅助的互有分工，共同发展，共同竞争的中小企业金融服务体系，全面解决中小企业发展中的“融资难”问题。