对我国货币政策中介目标的研究

货币供应量作为我国货币政策中介目标虽仍具备合理性,却面临一系列困难和障碍;同时,由于利率形成机制并不完善,利率暂时不能作为货币政策中介目标.目前我国应将货币供应量作为货币政策直接中介目标,而以利率作为辅助中介目标,发挥利率在货币政策体系中应有的作用.     

法定准备金制度的变迁与金融调控

法定准备发挥作用的前提是中央银行以货币供应量作为货币政策的中介目标,但货币供应量和经济增长及通货膨胀的关系并不确定。利率取代货币供应量成为中介目标,法定准备金存在的基础即被削弱,随着央行宏观金融调控方式的转变,中国法定准备金制度的改革势在必行。     

论当前我国货币政策中介目标转型的策略

我国货币供应量中介目标在当前基本上还是有效的，但其有效性在逐步下降，对于这一点学界基本上已达成共识。而利率和汇率又不具备充当主要中介目标的条件，在这种情况下，当前还应该以货币供应量作为主要的中介目标，但也要做好放弃传统的货币供应量中介目标和中介目标转型的准备。在目前继续实施以货币供应量为主要中介目标的货币政策框架中，怎样提高它的有效性呢？在货币政策中介目标转型的过程中应该采取什么措施？     

货币政策中介目标的选择——基于货币政策效应非对称性视角的分析

一、货币政策中介目标选择的两大思路(一)中介目标法框架下的中介目标选择自从中介目标出现在货币政策框架中以后,理论界对于选择哪些经济变量作为中介目标的探讨便没有停息过,起初的理论主张主要集中于选择一种变量作为中介目标,设立单一的中介目标制度。最具代表性的观点主要有,凯恩斯学派的利率中介目标观点和货币学派的货币供应量中介目标观点,此外,其他学者也提出了以信贷总量、汇率、预期通货膨胀率等作为货币政策中介目标的观点。从战后西方国家的货币政策实践中可以看到,中介目标总体上经历了从数量型目标向价格型目标转变的过程。…     

中国货币政策中介目标选择的实证研究

通过采用单位根检验、协整检验以及格兰杰因果检验的方法,对货币供应量和利率同经济增长的关系进行研究,进而对我国现行货币政策中介目标选择的合理性进行分析.实证结果表明,货币供应量与货币政策最终目标之间存在长期稳定的均衡关系,而利率与最终目标之间并无显著影响,从而说明我国目前以货币供应量作为中介目标是合理的,而利率尚不具备可选择性.     

我国货币政策中介目标选择的实证分析——基于引入创新因素的扩展普尔模型分析

文章在普尔基本模型和引入金融创新的扩展普尔模型的基础上,对我国货币政策中介目标选择进行了实证分析。普尔基本模型实证结果表明1996-2009年中央银行应选择货币供应量作为货币政策中介目标。而引入金融创新的扩展普尔模型实证结果得出了截然相反的结论,认为1996-2009年我国应选择利率作为货币政策中介目标,特别是在2003年以后,利率作为中介目标的优势更趋明显。总之,在金融创新和利率市场化改革的推动下,货币供应量作为我国货币政策中介目标的优势在逐渐下降,我国货币政策中介目标应逐步由货币供应量向利率过渡。     

凯恩斯流动性陷阱是否存在及原因分析

造成凯恩斯流动性陷阱失灵的原因是利率不能降到足够低的水平，实体经济的业务动机和谨慎动机也会稀释一部分货币，但是在经济出现明显衰退的情况下，存在银行体系和居民大量持有货币，货币政策对经济增长刺激作用下降的现象     

利率市场化改革背景下我国货币政策中介目标的选择——基于SVAR模型的实证分析

本文从利率作用机制的效率这一角度出发,利用1996Q1—2013Q3的数据,以2003Q1为节点,运用四变量SVAR模型、脉冲响应函数和方差分解方法分别考察全样本和两个子样本期间利率和货币供应量对我国货币政策最终目标的贡献率和具体效应。结果表明,货币供应量作为我国货币政策的中介目标在现阶段虽然有一定优势,但是随着利率市场化改革的推进、金融工具的发展和金融市场的完善,以及广义货币供应量可控性的逐渐降低和国内信贷调节有效性的降低,利率作为我国货币政策中介目标的条件在不断成熟。建议加快推进利率市场化改革进程,我国未来的货币政策中介目标应该向利率转移。     

中国货币政策中介目标与经济增长

货币政策中介目标是货币政策体系中的重要组成部分,合适的货币中介目标对保持国民经济持续稳定增长具有重要意义。采用基于ARDL模型的协整分析方法,对货币中介目标与中国国民经济增长的关系进行了深入研究,发现通货膨胀率对国民收入的影响幅度最大、货币供应量对国民收入的影响次之,而利率对国民收入的影响相对较小。认为在目前条件下,我国应从过于强调货币供应量指标,转向综合利用多种金融变量来指导货币政策的操作,但在将来市场体系完善后,可考虑采用通货膨胀作为货币政策中介目标。     

货币供应量作为货币政策中介目标的有效性分析

1996年,货币供应量被正式确定为我国货币政策中介目标;但是,作为中介目标的货币供应量在可测性、可控性方面存在严重缺陷,而从实践情况来看,货币供应量的实际值与目标值之间存在很大的离差,在稳定价格并以此促进经济增长方面也不能令人满意;因此,随着经济金融的发展,货币供应量作为中介目标的有效性正在逐步降低。从历史角度观察,货币政策中介目标的演进趋势实际上是在不断寻找“规则”与“相机抉择”的替代和综合;而与传统政策相比,通货膨胀目标制最大的特点恰恰是实现了规则性与灵活性的高度统一,也正是由于此,受到了理论界越来越多的关注并成为我国货币政策的现实抉择。     

Speculative attacks with multiple targets

This paper examines a global games model of speculative attacks in which speculators can choose to attack any one of a number of targets. In the canonical global games model of speculative attacks with a single target, it is well known that there exists a unique equilibrium that survives iterative deletion of dominated strategies, characterized by the threshold values of the private signal and the fundamentals. This paper shows that with two targets, there is again a unique, dominance-solvable equilibrium. In this equilibrium, the threshold value of signal for attacking a given currency is a function of the signal for the other target, and the threshold value of fundamentals that determines the outcome of attack on one currency is a function of the other target’s fundamentals. Under certain condition on the noise distribution, the result is shown to extend to environments with any \(N\) symmetric targets. This paper then presents a number of numerical examples and shows, among other results, that more accurate private signals have a decoupling effect on the outcomes of attack on different currencies.     

A framework for evaluating operating targets

The objective of this paper is to provide an analytical framework to evaluate the relative effectiveness of reserve or monetary base operating targets. We begin the paper by constructing an IS schedule and an expanded LM schedule. Uncertainty is introduced into the model by including stochastic error terms in the product and money market. Then we detail the impact of the exogeneously determined operating target as a constraint upon the equilibration process in the monetary and real sectors. In particular, the operating target determines the structure of the disturbances in the respective markets and the economic target depending upon how fast the markets clear. Since the deviation of the relevant targets from their mean values depend upon the operating target, the standard deviation of the targets are derived for the alternative operating strategies. Using illustrative macroeconomic and money market parameters, loss functions are calculated to provide a basis to evaluate the relative desirability of reserves and the monetary base as the policy instrument. The stability of various intermediate targets as well as one final target, nominal income, is analyzed as is the crucial role played by required reserve ratios. The robustness of these results is also analyzed for various parametric changes.     

Fixing income and price targets for the poor in india

The poverty line, generally defined as the minimum income level necessary to enable a person to consume a normatively stipulated basket of goods, is widely used to set income target for the poor. But mere provision of this target income will not lead the poor to adopt the normative consumption pattern. In order to induce them to do so, it is necessary to set suitable price targets along with the income target. An attempt has been made here to fix these targets assuming that the consumers' demand pattern can be represented by the linear expenditure system. A numerical exercise has been worked out for rural India.     

Signalling commitment with monetary and inflation targets

This article studies a two-period game between the public and a central bank about whose ability to commit to an announced target the public is uncertain. The central bank chooses between announcing a target for an intermediate variable (money growth) and its goal variable, inflation. Prior to setting its instrument, the central bank receives private, noisy information about the link between money growth and inflation. Monetary targeting facilitates communication of the central bank's type, in that the probability of separation is always higher than under inflation targeting. This advantage of monetary targets from a dependable central bank's perspective is outweighed for most parameter values by the advantage of inflation targeting in terms of inflation control. If the regime choice is treated as a strategic decision, over a large range of parameter values both central banks choose the regime that a dependable central bank would prefer.     

The loss from uncertainty on policy targets

What is the welfare loss arising from uncertainty about true policy targets? We quantify these effects in a DSGE model where private agents are unable to distinguish between temporary shocks to potential output and to the inflation target. Agents use optimal filtering techniques to construct estimates of the unknown variables. We find that the welfare costs of not observing the inflation target and potential output are relevant even in the case of a small measurement error. We also show that, in our framework, uncertainty about the inflation target is more costly than uncertainty about potential output.     

A note on nominal government expenditure targets

In IS-LM models, government expenditure is usually fixed in real terms. In this short note, we examine some of the implications of nominal government expenditure targets for both model stability and comparative statics. When a fixed money supply policy is in operation, nominal government expenditure targets may stabilize an otherwise unstable system. If this is the case, an increase in the nominal stock of money will reduce the price level in the long run.     

Do inflation targets anchor inflation expectations?

We suggest a simple test of whether an inflation target anchors private-sector inflation expectations. The test is easy to compute and it is robust to various sources of misspecification. The test may be a useful alternative to dispersion measures commonly studied in research on inflation targeting. Using data for 22 inflation targeting countries, we find for many countries that the forecasters scatter their inflation forecasts away from the inflation target. We account for the endogeneity of inflation targets, we study the variability of our finding across countries and across time, and we study to which extent our results depend on the level and variability of inflation targets.     

Inflation targets and endogenous wage markups in a New Keynesian model

Empirical contributions show that wage re-negotiations take place while expiring contracts are still in place. This is captured by assuming that nominal wages are pre-determined. As a consequence, wage setters act as Stackelberg leaders, whereas in the typical New Keynesian model the wage-setting rule implies that they play a Nash game. We present a DSGE New Keynesian model with pre-determined wages and money entering the representative household’s utility function and show how these assumptions are sufficient to identify an inverse relationship between the inflation target and the wage markup (and thus employment) both in the short and the long run. This is due to the complementary effects that wage claims and the inflation target have on money holdings. Model estimates suggest that a moderate long-run inflation rate generates non-negligible output gains.     

An evaluation of private forecasts of interest rate targets in Brazil

This study shows that the private sector accurately predicts short-term interest rate targets set by the Brazilian monetary authorities. With increased transparency under inflation targeting, such evidence suggests that the public perceives the central bank as credible.