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本文首先区分了市场经济和前市场经济即采邑经济两种完全不同的经济组织形式,辨析了在其中占据主体地位的交易即契约化交易与人格化交易在性质上的根本差异;在此基础上,作者探索了我国目前社会信用缺失的深层次原因:我国与市场经济相适应的社会信用体系之所以迟迟难以建成,关键在于内部的"契约威权"观念与外部的"法制规范"这两大要素都尚未具备;而采邑经济条件下信用维持机制的日趋解体,则是产生普遍的民间信用危机这一问题的主要原因;两种因素叠加,遂使我国目前社会信用体系出现空前的危机.以此分析为基石,文章最后探讨了我国信用体系重构的若干设想.  相似文献   

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The managerial-discretion hypothesis states that in mutual insurance companies policyholders will seek to protect their interests by limiting managerial discretion in investment and financing decisions. Therefore, mutuals are predicted to introduce restrictive mechanisms (e.g., company by-laws) that promote precautionary investment, such as government securities. In stock companies, shareholders are expected to increase their wealth at the expense of policyholders' interests by investing in more speculative assets, such as equities. Differences in investment activity also affect policy valuation and reserving decisions reflected in the liability side of the insurance company balance sheet. The managerial-discretion hypothesis implies that systematic differences in the structure of balance sheets between mutual and stock insurance companies are likely to exist. To carry out an exploratory test of this aspect of the managerial-discretion hypothesis, the present study employs canonical correlation analysis on New Zealand life insurance company data for 1991. However, the empirical evidence does not appear to support the proposition that balance sheet structure varies systematically between mutual and stock companies.  相似文献   

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This paper examines the norms and practices for infrastructure, art and heritage assets in six cities, across three European countries, to determine how the national norms of accrual accounting compared with each other, and with IPSAS, and how the practices in each city compared with the norms. We identify significant diversity between actual practices and the norms imposed by national policy‐makers or set by IPSAS. Given that a longstanding concern of the literature has been on whether these kinds of assets should be included in governmental balance sheets and operating statements at all, it is striking how often the question was settled in practice by excluding art and heritage assets, even when this meant non‐compliance with national norms. In our three countries, it is clear that comparability of the financial statements between countries was not a concern of policy‐makers, and comparability between cities within each country not a concern of preparers.  相似文献   

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曹晋生 《金融论坛》2000,5(7):39-42
长期以来,我国商业银行尤其是国有商业银行缺乏对市场的了解,缺少客户现状和发展的足够信息,在风险意识加强的同时缺少对基层信贷人员的激励措施,其实质是尚未真正形成面向市场的信贷经营机制.随着入世的临近,我国银行业将面对国际跨国银行的激烈竞争.面对新的形势,只有建立"以市场为导向,以客户为中心,以效益为原则,以风险控制为主线"的信贷经营机制,才能在不断变换的市场环境中立于不败之地,并在有效控制风险的前提下支持经济发展.本文详细分析了商业银行的信贷政策决策流程和信贷业务流程,并提出适应市场经济运作的总分行体制以及以人为本的管理理念和有效的激励约束机制.  相似文献   

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A study of UK University Annual Reports and Financial Statements and changes therein covering a period of five accounting years from 1982/3 to 1986/7 explores the extent to which University Reporting may have responded to the publication of two significant documents (Committee of Vice-Chancellors and Principals, 1984; 1985). The study finds evidence compatible with a response to these documents but one which does not appear to be as complete nor as unanimous as some theories of external reporting would suggest.  相似文献   

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In this article we analyze the slope of the term structure of credit spreads. We investigate the explanatory role of interest rate, market, and idiosyncratic equity variables that the recent empirical literature highlights as important determinants of credit spread levels. This study extends the analysis and assesses its effect on credit slopes for a sample of corporate bonds. We find that these factors affect credit spreads at short and long maturities in a significantly different way. A closer inspection of the credit spread slope also reveals that it is a useful indicator of the direction of changes in future short‐term credit spreads. This evidence has important implications for the trading and risk management of portfolios of bonds with different maturities.  相似文献   

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转轨时期银企信用关系的效应评价和重塑建议   总被引:5,自引:2,他引:5  
信用是市场经济的基石,良好的信用关系是国民经济健康运行的基本保证,但近年来社会上失信行为大量存在,尤其是银企信用关系恶化已到了很严重的地步,它不但极大影响了正常经济金融秩序,恶化了信贷资产质量和投资环境,扭曲了银企、银政之间的信用关系,更严重的是阻碍了市场经济体制的建立和金融业的稳健发展.对此文章认为全社会很有必要规范社会信用秩序,纠正和严厉打击逃废银行债务行为,切实维护银行债权,同时从我国银企信用关系现状、银企信用恶化原因和社会经济效应评估三个层面进行了详细的剖析,最后提出了整治银企信用关系的具体建议.  相似文献   

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This paper reexamines the methods of stochastic dominance and mean-variance analysis for the selection of risky investments. It takes as its starting point the paper by Gandhi and Saunders in the Spring 1981 issue of this journal in which they argued for the superiority of stochastic dominance analysis. In this paper the countercase is put forward for the use of mean-variance analysis. It is argued that while naive application of mean-variance criteria to the ranking of projects in isolation might lead to erroneous decisions, in the presence of reasonably sized capital markets rules based on mean-variance analysis still remain a more practical tool.  相似文献   

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我国上市公司实行经理股票期权制研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
经理股票期权制度在激励企业经营者、降低代理成本、改善法人治理结构、促进资本市场的完善方面具有巨大的优越性.本文首先详细介绍了股票期权制的作用机理和在美国的实施情况,然后介绍我国企业在股票期权制方面进行的探索.我国企业要实施股票期权制存在一系列的障碍,特别是企业法人治理结构残缺、资本市场不完善和企业家市场不发育等,使股票期权制度缺乏正常发挥作用的土壤.尽管如此,对于我国企业,尤其是上市公司,推行股票期权制是必然的发展趋势.为此,笔者为上市公司实行股票期权制设计了一套总体思路(包括实施主体、授予对象以至行权期安排等);并提出了具体的实施对策.  相似文献   

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商业银行贷款退出与贷款进入的策略研究   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1  
银行信贷资金在行业、产业以及企业之间的重新配置是由货币资本流动规律和商业银行经营原则决定的,而在具体的退出或进入领域选择上,需要掌握科学的判断准则.贷款进退策略要求以分析行业或企业的生命周期为基础,综合评价企业基本素质,准确把握贷款进退的最好时机和最佳方式.从贷款进退的时机判断,应在行业或企业的萌芽期逐步进入,在旺盛期通过导入资本市场逐步退出;从贷款进退的市场范围分析,当以经济发达区域、高科技、新兴产业和资质、信用状况良好为首选;从贷款进入方式上把握,则应当开发多功能的金融产品,以此化解单一信贷进入的风险.  相似文献   

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