中小企业商业信用融资区域差异研究

商业信用融资的发展为解决我国中小企业融资问题提供了新的方向。为了更好地利用商业信用融资方式,文章运用面板数据方法对关中—天水经济区和珠江三角洲经济区的中小企业商业信用融资使用情况做了比较分析,发现中小企业商业信用融资使用水平具有区域差异性,并进一步分析了造成差异的原因及其影响程度。文章认为中小企业商业信用融资受到环境、组织和个人三个层面因素的影响,在不同的地区,这些影响因素具有不同的表现。     

Firm credit in the euro area: a tale of three crises

Using survey data from 2009 to 2011, we analyse the effects of the recent euro area economic, financial and private debt crisis on the supply of and demand for bank finance for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). At the country level, we identify three distinct aspects of the recent crisis in the euro area affecting firm credit through different channels. Controlling for country fixed effects, the impact of a weak real economy on firm credit operates both by reducing firms’ demand for bank financing and by lenders increasing loan rejections and tightening terms and conditions on credit allocated. On the other hand, financial conditions have no significant effect on demand, but they do affect credit supply as we find that financial tensions worsen the chances of obtaining credit and its terms and conditions. We interpret this as evidence of a bank balance sheet channel negatively impacting credit provision. We find that private sector indebtedness has important effects on SMEs’ credit access and its terms and conditions.     

债务融资、商业信贷与中小企业投资——来自非上市制造业企业的证据

文章利用中国4 522家非上市中小企业的财务数据,运用面板分析方法考察了内部资金和外部资金对中小企业投资的影响,并检验了各种融资因素对中小企业投资的贡献度。通过对不同所有制中小企业投资受融资因素影响的比较分析,文章认为中小企业投资受债务资金约束,而且所有制因素在一定程度上制约了中小企业的融资,不过商业信贷可以在一定程度上替代银行贷款而缓解中小企业的融资难问题。     

科技金融与中小高新技术企业发展的实证分析

科技和金融是现代经济发展的重要构成要素。分别选取政策性科技金融和金融机构科技贷款表示科技金融指标,构建生产函数为基础检验模型,并以1999--2011年大连相关数据对二者的关系检验。结果表明,中小高新技术企业的发展约13％可以归因于政策性科技金融,约56％归于高层次科技人员的投入,但是金融机构科技贷款的波动不利于中小高新技术企业的发展。在因果关系上,只存在金融机构科技贷款与中小型高科技企业发展的单方向Granger因果关系。     

货币政策、商业信用与科技创新投资

实证检验了商业信用对企业科技创新投资的影响与作用机制，以及在不同货币政策期的异同。研究发现：总体上，商业信用能够缓解创新融资约束，促进企业科技创新投资；在货币紧缩期，商业信用对创新融资约束有显著缓解作用，对创新投资的促进作用较之货币宽松期更为明显。进一步研究表明，国有企业能利用商业信用促进创新投资，且在货币紧缩期通过对商业信用的利用，缓解创新融资约束、促进创新投资；该现象在民营企业中不存在，可能与国有企业对商业信用有更强的获取及控制能力有关。研究成果丰富了商业信用的经济后果内涵，为解决企业创新融资问题提供了新思路。     

Contagion effects of sovereign credit rating revisions on the real economy: is it trade or finance?

We analyse the contagion effects of sovereign credit rating revisions on the real economy, with particular emphasis on the intensity of trade and finance channels. Our findings show that event countries that experienced rating revisions cause substantial contagion effects on the real output growth rates of nonevent countries. Nonevent countries with a high export ratio, high external debt levels, or those that are more dependent on common bank credit relative to other nonevent countries are more likely to be infected by event countries’ adverse credit shocks. The results remain after accounting for alternative real economy indicators, financial liberalization, financial crises, and economic development status.     

银行业结构影响中小企业信贷能力? ——基于分层线性模型实证

中小企业融资问题引起了我国普遍关注。基于wind数据库,利用分层线性模型考察了企业规模与银行业结构对中小企业信贷能力的影响,并引入了商业信用环境变量,研究不同商业信用环境下,该影响是否会发生变化。研究发现,企业规模越大,银行业结构越分散,企业信贷能力越强,但该影响程度随着商业信用环境的提高而减弱。本研究对于如何提高中小企业信贷能力具有重要参考意义。     

Jointly issued notes: a financial instrument to improve SME credit worthiness in China

A financial instrument to improve the credit worthiness of small and medium enterprises (SMEs), i.e. Jointly Issued Notes (JINs), improves the average credit rating of SMEs by eight notches, from BBB to AA+, thus reducing borrowing cost by 298 basis points. This research note describes the various kinds of JINs, and then analyzes their effect on the credit worthiness of SMEs. We conclude that the JINs successfully facilitate access to credit at lower rates in China.     

The role of financial systems for cross-country differences in the link between income and consumption inequality

This article discusses why consumption inequality stays low despite high income inequality in the U.S; but income inequality is closely followed by consumption inequality in China. We show that different financial systems can play a critical role in shaping the cross-country different links between income and consumption inequality. This phenomenon is consistent with the cross-country different relationships between income inequality and saving rates. Consumer credit expansion in the U.S. makes inequality much less serious for consumption than for income, and this result holds to an even larger extent if more domestic credit can be financed by foreign savings. But this is not the case in China, whose financial system focuses only on investment and trade while neglecting liquidity constraints on consumption. Our assertions accord well with evidence found from the U.S., China, and other related economies.     

信用风险、出口信用保险和出口贸易关系的研究

文章基于厂商理论对信用风险、出口信用保险与最优出口量之间的关系进行理论分析,论证了信用风险对出口贸易的负面效应,以及政府支持的出口信用保险对外贸出口的推动效应;并通过对中国的出口规模和进口国国家信用之间的关系进行实证检验,验证了信用风险的负面贸易效应,阐明了对于信用评级下调的发达市场以及绝对信用评级较低、人均收入较低的新兴市场,中国不仅需要而且必须加强发挥出口信用保险的功能。     

Bank loans vs. trade credit

Using a World Bank dataset of Chinese firms, we investigate the relative importance of bank loans and trade credit in promoting firm performance. To deal with possible endogeneity issues, we employ distinct and separable instrumental variables for bank loans and trade credit. We find that access to bank loans is central to improving firm performance and growth, while the availability of trade credit is much less important. Our results suggest that trade credit cannot effectively substitute for bank loans. Overall, our findings suggest the need for further development of China's formal financial institutions, which would enable the non‐state sector to grow much faster than it has grown in recent decades.     

信用与经济增长关系实证研究——基于多层次视角的VAR分析

信用与经济增长之间存在复杂的内在联系。文章利用1990-2007年中国经济数据,实证分析了信用规模及结构与经济增长的关系。结果表明:不同层次的信用规模与经济增长之间存在长期均衡关系且为正相关关系;与非金融部门相比,金融部门信用规模的变化对实际GDP增长的正向影响更大;各层次信用规模与经济增长之间只存在单向因果关系,即经济增长对各层次信用规模的变化有显著的正向效应,而各层次信用规模的变化均未显著影响经济增长。     

商业信用评级模型的构建与优化 ——P公司案例研究

赊销带来的商业信用违约现象长期影响着中国企业的资金链，导致企业承担居高不下的坏账成本。本文从客户信用评级入手，以P公司商业信用管理为案例，研究信用评级模型的构建与优化。研究结果表明，信用评级需要综合考虑客户的财务因素和非财务因素、定量因素与定性因素，同时，运用统计方法（多元排序选择模型）可以有效优化信用评级模型，能改善评级预测准确性，能为评级指标的选取与权重设计等提供重要参考依据。     

Trade credit use and competition in the value chain

Trade credit is a major source of finance in value chains in developed and emerging economies. Despite its ubiquitous use, this is one of the first empirical studies that analyzes why the use of trade credit varies along the value chain. We argue that competition faced by firms at different stages in the value chain and enforcement mechanisms that stimulate repayment jointly determine the use of trade credit. We distinguish two dimensions of competition, that is, rivalry and customer bargaining power. Competition may stimulate firms to provide trade credit to keep customers from switching to other suppliers. Yet, high contract enforcement costs relative to the value of the transactions, reduce the willingness to offer trade credit. We find empirical evidence showing that competition does not (strongly) influence the use of trade credit in the retail market, whereas it does in the markets for wholesalers and millers. We interpret these results as suggestive evidence that the retail, wholesale and milling market segments differ in terms of the enforcement costs involved in the provision of trade credit. Rivalry at the retail market segment makes switching easy for customers, even in case of default. As enforcement of repayment in this market segment is difficult and costly, trade credit appears to be a risky and less attractive marketing instrument for retailers. In contrast, in the wholesale and milling market segment, trade credit is widespread as stakeholders know each other, making informal mechanisms effective in supporting the enforcement of trade credit repayment.     

Financing difficulties for SMEs and credit rationing – an expanded model of mortgage loans with asymmetric information

This article presents a new model of mortgage loans under reasonable assumptions. A several key variables that affects the success of a project, such as project risk, total investment, lending rate,mortgage, and self-financing are jointly considered in the model. The model takes the participation constraints and the incentive compatibility constraints into account for enterprises and banks on project investment actions respectively. Our model can explain the coexistence scenario of small medium enterprises’ (SMEs) financing difficulties and credit rationing in credit markets with asymmetric information. It reveals that higher enterprise self-financing for the project is a “credible factor” to the bank. Banks put forward strict requirements on mortgage for the SMEs with low proportion of project self-financing, which will lead to two scenarios:one is that some SMEs would not get loans due to insufficient mortgage assets; other is that some SMEs will voluntarily give up loans because of loan requirements, even if they have enough mortgage assets. Rationing is implemented both to large enterprises and SMEs, but the degree of rationing is gradually strengthened with the reduction of self-financing scale for the project.     

晋商股份制中信用关系的经济学解析

整顿市场秩序的一项核心任务是建立和完善信用制度,而信用制度是对信用关系的各种社会规范的总称.良好的信用制度体系在于其相互信用关系能够得以长期维系或向其他均衡点过渡.显然,构建和完善信用制度的关键在于对相互信用关系内在机理的深刻把握.运用博弈论模型对明清晋商股份制中相互信用关系内在机理进行探讨,指出我国现代信用制度体系的建立与完善不仅要充分发挥政府作为第三方实施仲裁、监督、管理以及对商业纠纷的判决等职能,还要重视中介组织以及良好的商业习惯对于维护社会信用秩序的重要性.     

推进互助性担保模式的构建问题研究——以河北省为例

担保模式的选择首先是一个实践问题而不是一个理论问题,因为现有担保模式在结构布局、经营效能、业务范围等方面存在诸多缺陷,中小企业贷款难问题仍在持续。中小企业信用担保要取得跨越性发展,关键在于借鉴其他省市成熟的担保模式,改革单一的专业担保结构,引入并大力推广互助性担保模式,重构中小企业信用担保体系。     

垄断型信贷市场融资担保问题分析--以民营中小企业融资为例

民营中小企业在转型经济条件下的垄断型信贷市场中很容易受到信贷歧视,商业银行对此类企业的"惜贷"乃至拒贷不仅反映出非公有制经济主体差强人意的融资地位,而且从一个侧面折射出计划金融体制对于商业银行市场化改革的种种束缚作用以及在金融改革滞后的情况下商业银行信贷行为的严重不合理性.本文试图通过建立一个垄断型信贷市场融资担保模型来分析市场垄断和利率管制对民营中小企业融资的不利影响,担保对于缓解民营中小企业融资难问题所能发挥的积极作用,以此说明改革我国金融体制、开放信贷市场和实行利率自由化的必要性.     

Growth opportunities and trade credit: evidence from Chinese listed firms

Private firms in China have led the explosive growth of the country’s economy, but with restricted or no access to formal financing. It is puzzling that these firms use relatively less trade credit than their counterparts in developed countries. We argue that firms with more growth opportunities should rely mainly on internal financing owing to high asymmetric information, especially in a financial market environment biased towards state-owned enterprises (SOEs) such as China. To explore growth opportunities, these firms may reduce their level of trade credit in the trade-off they face in deciding where to invest. Using panel data of Chinese non-financial listed firms for the period 2003–2013, we find that the relationship between growth opportunities and trade credit (both accounts receivable and payable) is significantly negative and is more pronounced in private firms than in SOEs. Furthermore, we also find that subsequent to the new receivable pledge policy being introduced, Chinese firms with more growth opportunities have higher accounts receivable, but similar levels of accounts payable.     

商业信用能否成为企业有效的融资渠道——基于投资视角的分析

本文使用中国工业企业数据验证了企业获得的商业信用能否成为企业有效的融资渠道这一问题。在考虑了中国信贷市场存在的信贷歧视等问题后,结果显示,中国企业能够利用商业信用作为融资渠道,而且,对于小企业,私营企业以及外部金融环境较差的企业,商业信用对其融资帮助更大。当正规部门融资成本上升时,国有及外资企业以及外部金融环境良好的企业能够更为有效地使用商业信用作为融资渠道。