高层管理团队（TMT）有效性的动态模型——人口特征研究与情景领导研究的结合

高层管理团队（Top management team．TMT）作为团队的一种特殊形式，因为其有效性对企业的生存发展起到至关重要的作用．所以近年来受到国内外学者的广泛关注。但是。在过去的文献研究中，我们不难发现，学者较多研究的是TMT在人口特征（年龄，教育背景等）的异质性同不同企业绩效指标之间的关系。但是不同学者的研究结果却往往相互矛盾。为了解释不同研究结果的差异，我们结合权变理论，提出了一个动态模型，来更好地分析TMT的有效性。     

企业高管团队高效运作的影响因素及对策探讨

高管团队作为核心决策群体已成为企业的重要战略资源,高管团队的良好运作是企业稳定和发展的关键。本文在分析企业高管团队特征的基础上,概括出影响高管团队运作效率的主要因素,包括团队的结构组合、规模、权力分配、凝聚力、成员的人力资本价值方面。要提高企业高管团队的运行效率,一方面,需要借鉴现有研究成果,有针对性地对团队人员结构、规模、权力进行合理设计;另一方面,必须建立科学有效的沟通机制、激励机制,以改善企业高管团队的运行质量。     

Effective teamwork at the top: the evidence from China

Effective teamwork is an important topic of human resource management, and how top-level managers work effectively as a team is critical to business success. Prior research indicates that the diverse background of top managers influences the effectiveness of their teamwork, and the effects of top management team (TMT) diversity on organizational innovation varies. In this study, we propose that functional team dynamics plays a crucial role in facilitating TMT effectiveness. On the basis of a sample of Chinese firms, our findings support the distinction between demographic and network diversities and the moderating effect of functional team dynamics on TMT diversity–firm innovation relationships.     

Employee commitment in MNCs: Impacts of organizational culture,HRM and top management orientations

This article tests a model of organizational commitment in multinational corporations (MNCs). According to the model, organizational culture and human resource management (HRM) affect employee commitment directly as well as indirectly through top management team orientations. Szpecifically, we examined the effect of top management team global orientation and geocentric orientation, which are seen as contributing uniquely to employee commitment in MNCs. The model was tested on a sample of 1664 core employees working in 39 affiliates of 10 MNCs. We found strong overall support for the model. In particular, organizational culture characterized by high adaptability and a HRM system characterized by high performance work practices were found to have a significant and direct effect on employee commitment. In addition, we found that the effect of these traditional elements of the human organization is partially mediated through top management orientations, specific to international firms. The validity and generalizability of these results are reinforced by the control of a set of demographic variables as well as nationality of parent company.     

Top Management Teams, Strategy and Financial Performance: A Meta-Analytic Examination

abstract    A considerable amount of research has investigated the linkage between top management team (TMT) characteristics and firm financial performance. Much of this research relies on demographic data. While these data are reliable and accessible, findings across studies are not consistent. Meta-analysis of several TMT indicators and firm financial performance provides modest support for direct relationships but indicates moderating influences. Further meta-analysis and a confirmatory factor analysis enrich these findings by examining potential moderating and intervening factors.     

推行内部专业技术岗位资格认证 促进专业人才队伍能力持续提升

在企业人才队伍建设发展工作中,专业技术队伍鉴于其人员规模、专业构成、能力标准等特点,一直是企业组织全面推进人才发展工作中较为薄弱的环节。建立符合实际,标准客观,针对性强的能力水平综合考核评价体系,推行企业组织内部专业技术岗位资格认证,是切实加强专业技术队伍管理的有效方法,对综合性生产型企业人才队伍建设管理具有一定的指导意义。     

高层管理团队特征与企业国际化绩效关系的实证研究——以我国服务业上市公司为例

本文主要从高管团队特征的均值和异质性两个方面进行分析,构建了多元回归方程,通过实证研究检验了高管团队的年龄、任期、国际经历、教育水平、团队规模、政府背景等特征对企业国际化绩效的影响。基于研究结论,从高管团队建设的角度上提出了相关的对策建议。     

Career patterns of top management team members in five countries: an optimal matching analysis

This paper introduces optimal matching analysis (OMA) to the field of top management research. With this method, we develop six career patterns of top management team (TMT) members from five countries based on their international experience, organizational tenure and professional experience. The results provide strong support for the significance of these patterns, since each country (Denmark, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States) shows one to four predominant career patterns of their managers and the occurrence of these patterns also differs significantly between the fields of activity within the TMT (chairperson, head of a division, primary activities and support activities).     

企业高管团队整合领导力提升的行动学习模式

讨论了高管团队整合领导力及其与企业绩效的关系，分析了企业高管团队整合领导力运行机理，应用系统工程理论方法，构建了企业高管团队整合领导力系统运行模型。概括总结了行动学习原理以及研究理论，指出了企业高管团队整合领导力提升的关键要素，在此基础上，应用经验学习循环和群体动力学理论方法，构建了基于行动学习的高管团队整合领导力培育“3循环”学习模式。从而，为企业高管团队整合领导力的培育与提升提供了一点粗浅的新思路和方法。     

高管团队异质性与企业战略变革

高层管理团队在企业战略管理中发挥着决定性作用,是企业战略变革的关键因素之一。高层管理团队异质性会对团队的内部沟通、凝聚力以及决策的效率和质量产生影响,最终对企业的战略变革产生影响。本文首先对国内外高管团队异质性的相关研究进行文献综述,在此基础上提出高层管理异质性对战略变革的影响取决于高管团队能否达成战略变革共识。战略变革共识的达成则要求高管团队整合和利用异质性带来的资源丰富性,并且正确处理团队冲突。     

Organizational Causes and Strategic Consequences of the Extent of Top Management Team Replacement During Turnaround Attempts

Researchers have argued that top management team changes are an important force spurring change at declining firms. Yet, studies find that top executives at some firms are able to avoid being replaced even though their firms perform poorly. Also, despite support from numerous case analyses, there is little systematic evidence that replacing top managers leads to substantial organizational change at declining firms. In this study, we examine these issues by looking at levels of top management team replacement at a sample of declining firms attempting turnarounds. We find that top management team replacement levels vary with the presence of inertial or change-creating forces within firms. In particular, reduced levels of top management team replacement occur during turnaround attempts at large firms and those that have followed the same strategic orientation for a long period of time. Meanwhile, increases in outsider control of the board are associated with increased levels of replacement. We further find that higher levels of top management team replacement are associated with greater changes in firm competitive strategy and firm structure and controls during turnaround attempts. Overall, our findings show that organizational-level forces play an important role in top management and strategic change processes at declining firms.     

高管团队人力资本与权力配置差异化程度的关系研究

本文在权力配置上采用权力配置差异化程度作为潜变量指标,提出假设,构建模型;通过对110个高管团队的实证调查,利用PLS结构方程模型,分析高管团队特征与权力配置差异化程度的关系、高管团队能力结构与权力配置差异化程度的关系、高管团队价值取向与权力配置差异化程度的关系。最终揭示出团队权力配置合理化,需要提高整个团队的人力资本含量,可以通过选拔更有经验的员工,有好的教育背景的员工,有较好的管理技能的员工作为高层管理团队的成员,以提高TMT能力结构。与此同时,通过培养TMT成员的责任感、诚信精神和协同合作精神来提高TMT能力结构,也是必不可少的。     

应用型大学物流管理本科专业建设的几点思考

当前，开设物流管理专业的高校越来越多，物流管理人才教育市场竞争哥趋激烈。如何在日趋激烈的竞争中依托人才市场，创出特色，打造自身的品牌，成为专业建设中的重中之重。文章从人才培养目标的定位、专业方向设置、课程体系建设、师资队伍建设等诸环节出发，提出了应用型大学物流管理本科专业人才培养过程中应关注和解决的问题。     

基于行动导向的高管团队运行机制研究

高管团队是企业的核心决策主体,关系到企业的可持续发展。高管团队运行机制的研究应该将人口统计特征与团队过程相结合,通过建立行动导向决策模型,指出团队认知是高管团队行动的基础;团队调适是高管团队决策的重要保障;高管团队成员经过决策参与、方案议定、决策执行及决策评估完成决策过程。     

Firm‐Driven Management of Longevity Risk: Analysis of Lump‐Sum Forward Payments in Japanese Nursing Homes

This study analyzes a unique economic circumstance of longevity risk management in the Japanese private nursing home market. This circumstance takes the form of a lump‐sum forward payment of lifetime rent by residents, which leaves most longevity risk to be covered by homes. To analyze this circumstance, I construct a structural econometric model of industrial organization for this market. For the underlying structure of longevity risk, I assume that both individual consumers and nursing homes utilize the subjective evaluation. My empirical analysis detects excess payments that can be compensated for only by an unrealistically long stay in nursing homes. This finding implies the existence of the exaggerated evaluation of longevity by economic agents. Thus, appropriate government intervention to help hedge longevity risk might improve social welfare.     

Socio‐demographic factors and shared leadership behaviors in dispersed teams: Implications for human resource management

Companies increasingly make use of geographically dispersed teams to capture knowledge residing at different locations. In this context, shared leadership is considered a key enabler of team performance. Taking a functional perspective on shared leadership, we thus investigate the relationship between shared leadership behaviors and team performance in dispersed teams. Furthermore, we analyze how socio‐demographic factors that are characteristic for dispersed teams (i.e., high female‐to‐male ratio, high mean age, and high levels of national diversity) affect shared leadership behaviors. Based on data from 96 dispersed teams, we show that shared leadership behavior fosters team performance. Further, we find the socio‐demographic characteristics typical for dispersed teams to foster shared leadership. Theoretical and managerial implications for human resource management are discussed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

高管认知、高管任期与战略变革的关系综述

随着全球化的出现,企业面临复杂多变的外部环境,高层管理团队成员的认知以及任期影响到企业的生存发展问题,本文对高管认知、高管任期与战略变革关系进行综述,并指出了未来的研究方向。     

Conflict Management for Effective Top Management Teams and Innovation in China*

abstract Top management teams may be critical for developing organizations that can keep abreast of marketplace changes and innovate. Several streams of strategy research have argued that conflict and diversity promote top management team effectiveness. This study proposes that how top management teams manage conflict can greatly contribute to their effective leadership of organizational innovation. A total of 378 executives from 105 organizations in China completed measures of conflict management (cooperative, competitive, and avoiding) and productive conflict (an outcome of conflict). Separately, 105 CEOs from these firms indicated their team's effectiveness and their organization's innovativeness. Results support the theory that conflict management can contribute to making top management teams effective. Structural equation analysis suggests that cooperative conflict management promotes productive conflict and top management team effectiveness that in turn result in organizational innovation. These results, coupled with previous research, were interpreted as suggesting that cooperative conflict management is an important contributor to effective top management teams even in the collectivist culture of China.     

Containing conflict: a relational approach to the study of high-involvement work practices in the health-care setting

This study extends strategic human resource management research by focusing on the effects of high-involvement work practices (HIWPs) on relational outcomes with customers (patients). The authors provide evidence that relational dynamics among employees act as a mediating mechanism for the relationship between workplace practices and these outcomes. In particular, we propose that human resource management practices designed to increase employees' involvement at work reduce the level of organizational conflict among employees, which, in turn, affect employees' conflict with patients and their families. Using a two-wave longitudinal survey of 378 patient care providers at 20 nursing homes, the authors argue that the effect of HIWPs on conflict between nursing home staff and patients and their family members is mediated by task and relationship conflict among employees. The results provide strong support for the mediating role of organizational conflict among employees by documenting that the negative effect of HIWPs on employees' conflict with patients and their families is mediated by the reduced levels of task conflict and relationship conflict among employees. The study's findings shed new light on the relational mechanism through which HR practices affect employees and customers. Scholarly and practical implications are discussed.     

Top Teams and Strategy in a UK University

This paper reports on the results of an in-depth study of how a top management team (TMT) puts strategy into practice in a UK university. A study of the top team in Warwick University was conducted to analyse how strategy was formulated and implemented. The results suggest that a combination of two broad theoretical lenses provides useful analytical insight. These are strategy as practice and strategy as process. The main elements of this university's strategy result from an interplay of localized routines and patterns of action within an organizational context, which both produces and is a product of such actions. The TMT itself was found to be clearly identifiable and stable in composition. The team exhibited identifiable patterns of strategic thinking and acting. However, the role of organizational structure was also found to be a key influence on the actions and processes of the TMT with strong central control tendencies in the team being counterbalanced by devolved operational control to individual departments. The data also reveal inter-relationships between organizational structures and the TMT in four key areas: direction-setting, monitoring and control, the alloca- tion of resources, and processes of interaction. The overall conclusion is that to understand how strategy is practised, analysis needs to focus on how patterns of action are associated with the characteristics of both the team and the wider organization. The nature and characteristics of these patterns can be related to how strategy is put into practice.