合理调整我国高等教育收费标准的路径

在简述国际通行的高等教育收费理论和我国现行政策的基础上,分析了我国高等教育收费方面存在的问题,提出了制定高校收费标准必须考虑的因素和合理调整我国高等教育收费标准的对策。     

借记卡收费的网络视角分析

与国际同业收费标准相比,目前我国借记卡收费属偏低水平。借记卡是一种典型的具有网络效应的产品,其网络价值随着持卡人数和硬件终端分布数量的增多而提高。银行终端系统兼容性的提高在一定程度上降低了持卡人的转换成本,这将对借记卡的市场结构和网络效应的作用形式产生很大影响。银行应提高借记卡服务的差异化,应通过增加投入来进一步完善网络,提高自身的服务水平与效率,通过不断增加客户的效用,进一步发挥网络效应的作用。     

Global Navigation Satellite System based tolling: state-of-the-art

Road pricing or road user charging may be understood as an economic concept regarding direct charges applied for using roads. Different pricing paradigms may be distinguished mainly refering to pricing of congested, non-expandable urban networks as well as pricing of expandable, uncongested (principally, interurban) road infrastructure. Numerous technologies within Intelligent Transport Systems can provide support in efficiently applying various charging mechanisms. Recently, among others, tolling systems have been deployed that rely on the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the state-of-the-art of using GNSS technology in road user charging.     

Design and evaluation of road pricing: state-of-the-art and methodological advances

This article provides an in-depth review of the state-of-the-art and describes methodological advances in the design and evaluation of road network pricing schemes. A number of paradigm shifts from the two polar cases of the marginal social cost pricing of road traffic congestion and revenue-maximizing road toll pricing are analyzed, as induced by the need to address realistic design complexities and constraints. The crucial role of the joint consideration of pricing strategies with optimal capacity provision and several network management measures is manifested and an integrated evaluation framework is suggested to incorporate a wide range of road pricing impacts into the scheme design process.     

Arrow: A flexible architecture for an accounting and charging infrastructure in the Next Generation Internet

Current pricing and charging methods for the Internet are not based on actual usage of this service, which leads to unfairness and more important, it does not deliver the right signals through financial incentives to network providers to upgrade critical links of their networks. The development of new multimedia applications and the convergence to an integrated services network will foster the tremendous growth of the Internet even more. With the Next Generation Internet not only technical services like bandwidth reservation will be introduced, but also new applications will emerge within the Internet. Charging the Internet in a fashion that provides feedback to users and providers has been proposed since the early '90s, however, only a few implementations and real-world examples are known today. This is due to subsidizing the Internet in its early stages and due to a technical development that did not care much about charging. With the recent redesign of the Internet protocol suite and discussions on multiple service classes in the Internet, architectures for charging and accounting have to be revisited, too. Economic models for the Internet cannot be tested fully and validated in non-real-world environments, because of the unknown user behavior. With this uncertainty over what models and pricing schemes to choose, it is evident that a specific charging and accounting platform will never be accepted by the community. In this paper a novel and flexible architecture for charging and accounting is proposed that provides a wide range of mechanisms and lets researchers experiment in an environment as close as possible to the targeted system. As a first step, four different pricing schemes are described, qualitatively assessed on the proposed platform, and a prototypical implementation performed. One of the economic models that have been implemented on Arrow is based on different service classes including reservation and recalculates prices dynamically depending on the traffic situation. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Die Verkehrsinfrastruktur in Deutschland: marode und unterfinanziert

In German transport infrastructure provision, political decision-making and a lack of user charges are the main reasons for inefficiencies, such as underinvestment, misallocation of funds and congestions. In the last decades, transport policy in Germany has focused on network extensions, while maintaining and renewing the infrastructure have been neglected. Additional financial resources will be needed to restore the quality of the federal, state and local transportation networks, in order of magnitude of yy7.2 billion p.a. in the next 15 years. Although the government collects about yy45 billion in taxes and infrastructure charges from road transport, it is unable to fund the transport infrastructure adequately. Several committees have suggested new concepts to provide sufficient funding, continuity and efficiency for renewing the transport infrastructure, and different options of raising more funds are under discussion (launching a fund, increasing general or energy taxes, extending road charges). Special attention is paid to the political economy of public funding and both tax and charge resistance which are considered to be the main obstacle rather than a lack of ideas or scientific knowledge. In the end, German transport infrastructure does not only need additional money but also structural reforms to increase efficiency in the infrastructure sector.     

Evolutionary game-theoretic model for dynamic congestion pricing in multi-class traffic networks

This paper describes an evolutionary game-theoretic learning model for dynamic congestion pricing in urban road networks, taking into account route choice stochasticity and reliability considerations, and the heterogeneity of users, in terms of their value of travel time and real-time information acquisition. The learning model represents the dynamic adjustments of users to travel cost changes which may take place in the day-to-day as well as the within-day timescales. The implementation into a simplified and a real urban road network signifies the important implications of modeling the dynamic and stochastic learning components of users’ behavior for accommodating the efficient deployment of congestion pricing schemes.     

高速公路广告经营权探析

作为高速公路的衍生资源,高速公路广告权属的问题引起了争议。如何保障投资人的合法利益,实现"谁投资、谁受益"的公平原则,有必要对高速公路广告经营权进行历史比较研究。其目的在于构建和谐法治的公路广告行政关系,探讨法治思路,寻找法治途径,构建法治秩序。     

城市主干道交通拥挤收费额度的经济学计算

交通拥挤收费额度应是各城市交通拥挤社会时间效益的损失值和用户开车上路的额外消费收益值之和。从经济学原理求得社会经济的时间效益和额外消费收益计算公式，并据此公式及长沙市的社会经济水平和交通状况的具体计算可得出：在14：00—22：00对市中心区的十一条主干道进入市中心方向收费额度为6元／次为宜。     

Effectiveness of interventions to prevent motorcycle injuries: systematic review of the literature

Globally, 49% of deaths from traffic crashes occur among vulnerable road users, including pedestrians, bicyclists, and motorcyclists. Approximately, a quarter of those killed are motorcyclists. The authors carried out a systematic review of the literature to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to prevent motorcycle crashes and the associated morbidity and mortality. The studies included in this review provide evidence for the effectiveness of helmet use, protective clothing, training, and penalties for alcohol consumption and speeding in preventing injury and death to motorcyclists. The use of helmets is effective, especially if it is universally required by law for drivers and passengers. Training to obtain a license also has positive effects but not when it is totally voluntary. There is limited but consistent evidence that strengthening laws for penalties related to alcohol consumption or speeding has an impact on risk. Traffic calming interventions could help reduce crashes in urban areas. In jurisdictions where there is limited regulation or adherence to effective measures, such as the use of helmets, efforts should be directed primarily at expanding such practices. In other areas, efforts can focus on approaches based on alternative effective measures or on more innovative interventions adapted to local conditions.     

旅游业商业模式的未来——免费

旅游业盈利模式有收费的＂门票盈利＂模式和免费的＂服务盈利＂模式。目前我国旅游开发企业主要采用收费的＂门票盈利＂模式,这种商业模式管理简单且利润相对稳定,但也有诸多弊端,如收入来源过于单一、企业发展空间受限、抑制顾客的消费、不利于旅游开发企业的经营能力建设等。随着旅游对象的扩大及旅游范围限制的缩小,旅游业的竞争会越来越激烈,通过扩展旅游链的利润源,而对链条终端进行免费的模式将是旅游业商业模式的必然选择。据此设计了5种免费模式：免费加收费模式、景点内消费模式、品牌授权模式、旅游地产模式和政府补贴模式。     

Hierarchical clustering analysis framework of mutually exclusive crash causation parameters for regional road safety strategies

Hierarchical clustering analysis framework is developed to identify benchmark and critical regions for effective road safety strategies. The regions are grouped based on agglomeration coefficient of mutually exclusive crash causation parameters. Subsequently, regions from groups with lower than a threshold index value are selected as benchmark for the poorly performing critical counterparts. Euclidean distance-based Ward's, median and centroid clustering techniques are explored through a case study of Indian states and Union Territories. As per data between 2006 and 2015, fatal crash percentages of driving under influence of drug and alcohol, excessive speeding, vehicle malfunction and road conditions related crash causation parameters, severity index and its growth rate are assessed based on respective threshold values of 6.35%, 43.28%, 2.42%, 1.79%, 26.7 and 3.1%. These are the national average of respective indices. It demonstrated the unique application of hierarchical clustering analysis in benchmark and critical region identification.     

Hybrid and electric low-noise cars cause an increase in traffic accidents involving vulnerable road users in urban areas

Due to resource scarcity, the number of low-noise and electric cars is expected to increase rapidly. The frequent use of these cars will lead to a significant reduction of traffic related noise and pollution. On the other hand, due to the adaption and conditioning of vulnerable road users the number of traffic accidents involving pedestrians and bicyclists is postulated to increase as well. Children, older people with reduced eyesight and the blind are especially reliant on a combination of acoustic and visual warning signals with approaching or accelerating vehicles. This is even more evident in urban areas where the engine sound is the dominating sound up to 30 kph (kilometres per hour). Above this, tyre–road interaction is the main cause of traffic noise. With the missing typical engine sound a new sound design is necessary to prevent traffic accidents in urban areas. Drivers should not be able to switch the sound generator off.     

浅谈新形势下我国高等教育收费改革

随着高等教育规模的快速增长,政府的投入已远远不能满足高等教育发展的要求,实行高等教育收费制度成为必然。高等教育收费对我国经济、社会公平和社会稳定产生了积极和消极两方面影响。高等教育收费改革应合理确定收费标准,完善助学制度,实行投资多元化,以拓展经费来源。     

信息商品定价方法探析

信息商品是一种特殊商品,既具有一般商品的基本属性,在其价格上又有着自身的一些特征。信息商品的价格具有不确定性、融入性、声望性、变化性和生产成本高、复制成本低等特点;信息商品定价方法常见的有成本导向、需求导向、竞争导向和捆绑定价法等;信息商品的其他定价形式主要有间接收费和双重收费。     

Vision Zero – a road safety policy innovation

The aim of this paper is to examine Sweden's Vision Zero road safety policy. In particular, the paper focuses on how safety issues were framed, which decisions were made, and what are the distinctive features of Vision Zero. The analysis reveals that the decision by the Swedish Parliament to adopt Vision Zero as Sweden's road safety policy was a radical innovation. The policy is different in kind from traditional traffic safety policy with regard to problem formulation, its view on responsibility, its requirements for the safety of road users, and the ultimate objective of road safety work. The paper briefly examines the implications of these findings for national and global road safety efforts that aspire to achieving innovative road safety policies in line with the Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011–2020, declared by the United Nations General Assembly in March 2010.     

Opportunities to reduce road traffic injury: new insights from the study of urban areas

Abstract

Over the past four decades considerable efforts have been taken to mitigate the growing burden of road injury. With increasing urbanisation along with global mobility that demands not only safe but equitable, efficient and clean (reduced carbon footprint) transport, the responses to dealing with the burgeoning road traffic injury in low- and middle-income countries has become increasingly complex. In this paper, we apply unique methods to identify important strategies that could be implemented to reduce road traffic injury in the Asia-Pacific region; a region comprising large middle-income countries (China and India) that are currently in the throes of rapid motorisation. Using a convolutional neural network approach, we clustered countries containing a total of 1632 cities from around the world into groups based on urban characteristics related to road and public transport infrastructure. We then analysed 20 countries (containing 689 cities) from the Asia-Pacific region and assessed the global burden of disease attributed to road traffic injury and these various urban characteristics. This study demonstrates the utility of employing image recognition methods to discover new insights that afford urban and transport planning opportunities to mitigate road traffic injury at a regional and global scale.     

高等院校学分制收费模式的比较与创新

目前我国实施学分制的院校收费有两种模式：一是按学年收费,二是按学分收费。在权衡两种不同收费模式的利弊、分析教育成本内涵和构成的基础上,提出了按学生在校学习时间加学分收费的新模式。     

浅析工程量清单计价模式存在的问题

工程量清单计价作为一种新的计价模式被引入到建设工程造价领域,使建设工程造价计价方式从定额计价模式向清单计价模式转变,推动了建筑市场的健康、有序发展。但在推行工程量清单计价的过程中也存在《计价规范》分类不全、计价依据缺位、评标方法不合理等问题,文章提出了相应的解决对策。