关于我国农村保险现状,问题与出路的思考

一、现状与问题 发展农村保险是保障实施十年规划和“八五”计划,建立农村社会化服务体系和风险保障机制,促进农业增长和农村经济社会发展的重要措施。 改革开放以来,我国农村保险事业得到了恢复发展,中国人民保险公司、民政部、农业部在发展农业保险、增强农村的综合保障能力方面,积极地开展了农村保险的试     

农业保险与制度创新

一、关于农业保险农业受到许多不确定因素的影响 ,包括自然风险、社会风险和经济风险。在农村生产经营和农民日常生活中 ,农业风险几乎无处不在 ,无时不有。而农业保险正是集中了农业风险 ,承担着补偿农业灾害损失的责任。因此 ,农业保险是指在农业生产经营过程中 ,为有生命的动植物因自然灾害或意外事故所造成的经济利益损失 ,提供经济保障的一种保险。本文所说的农业保险是特指针对农业 (种植业、养殖业 )生产的保险业务 ,是通过农户投保在更大范围内分散生产经营风险、在受灾后及时得到损失赔偿的制度。农业保险与国家财政和民政部门的救…     

政策性农业保险与农业发展有效对接探讨

政策性农业保险不属于一般商业保险的范畴,作为一种农业风险治理制度,政策性农业保险是加快社会主义新农村建设进程、构建农村和谐社会、保持农村稳定、促进农业发展的重要保障,发挥了保障经济、减灾防损和经济补偿的重要作用.但从其与农业发展有效对接的实际情况来看,存在的许多问题已成为政策性农业保险发展的“瓶颈”制约,亟待加以完善.     

我国农业保险发展模式选择

近十年来,我国政府对农业的风险保护依然沿用民政部门行政性的救灾方式,国有商业性保险公司名义上代行政府职能不得不办农业保险,却又不能大办农业保险,只能轻描淡写地搞些农业保险。农民在风险缺乏保护的情况下,就会减少农业劳动力、土地、资金的投入,致使农业生产能力和产出水平下降。与此同时,在农民经营风险、利益以及收入缺乏保障的情况下,农村市场也难以得到启动。因此,为了保证我国农业的健康发展,结合我国国情,寻找适合我国国情的农业保险发展模式十分必要。     

拓宽农村保险事业建立农业灾害保险制度

拓宽农村保险事业建立农业灾害保险制度严国柱，朱火金在农村经济向市场经济转化的过程中，如何发展我国农村和农业的保险事业，逐步建立农村灾害补偿制度，是稳定农村，发展农业，有利于防灾减灾抗灾，减轻农民负担的重大课题。本文就此谈点见解：一、农村保险是一个有待...     

构建适合我国国情的农业保险组织形式

农业大国需要农业保险，发展农业保险需要有合适的组织形式。国有保险、保险集团、保险合作社和私人保险公司等组织形式在国外都有成功的实践，我国也对保险企业专业化经营、联合共保和互助合作等组织形式进行了积极的探索。从我国的国情来看，政府支持下的多种商业性保险公司是近期迅速启动我国农业保险的最好选择，政策性的农业保险公司则是我国农业保险发展的必然取向，农村互助合作保险组织是具有广泛适应性的发展农业保险的经营组织形式。     

法国安盟保险集团成都分公司农业保险经营特点及启示

本文介绍了法国安盟保险集团成都分公司农村保险的经营情况,认为该公司面临的主要困难是险种单一,未能实现混业经营。同时,文中提出应充分发挥政府的作用,保障农业、农村保险产品的有效供给,以更为灵活的方式支持外资保险公司开发我国农业、农村保险市场。     

建设多层次的农业巨灾风险分散体系

农业风险具有高度集中性,极易引起巨灾损失,使商业性保险公司无力通过集中大量风险单位来分摊损失,从而直接制约了农业保险的发展。建立多层次的农业巨灾风险分散体系,是保障农业保险顺利发展的必要措施。     

基于供给视角的农村人身保险发展的思考——来自辽宁省绥中县的调查

大力发展农村人身保险是解决新型农村合作医疗因统筹水平低,农民得了重大疾病无钱医治问题的有效途径之一。本文从供给视角对辽宁省绥中县人身保险的供给情况进行了详细分析,揭示出了目前农村人身保险发展中在供给层面存在的主要问题,进而从行业监管、保险产品、保险服务、保险代理人、保险宣传等方面提出了促进农村人身保险发展的对策。     

加快发展农业保险

近年来农村产业结构调整力度的不断加大,农村种养业迅猛发展,农业保险市场却一片空白。因此要采取措施,加快发展农业保险。一要加快保险体制改革。首先在现有的保险体系中尽快建立农业保险公司,开办农险业务;其次鼓励合作制商业保险以“自主经营、自负盈亏”进入农村市场,以增强市场竞争力;第三是由当地政府支持组建农业保险自救公司,财政拿出部分支农资金和救灾资金,加上部分保险收入以险养险:第四是要大力引进外资保险公司进入我国农村保险市场,既能为农业保险进行示范引路,又能使农民收入得到相应保障。     

面粉中含砂量测定的不确定度评定

本文依据《粮油检验粉类粮食含砂量测定》对面粉中含砂量进行测量,并对其测量结果进行不确定度分析,探究影响测量过程中不确定度分量来源并进行评定。分析得出,扩展不确定度为0.0004%,面粉中含砂量测定结果为0.017%±0.0004%(k=2)。     

饲料中镉含量的测量不确定度评定

分析石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定饲料中镉含量不确定度各个分量,对其测量不确定度进行合理评定,结果表明:饲料样品中镉含量为0.052 mg/kg时,其扩展不确定度为0.0035 mg/kg(k=2),校准过程和测试过程随机效应是引入不确定度的主要原因。     

食品中金黄色葡萄球菌定量检测的不确定度评定

为提高食品中金黄色葡萄球菌定量检测结果的准确性,本文对测量不确定度进行分析和评定。按照《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验金黄色葡萄球菌检验》(GB 4789.10—2016)第二法金黄色葡萄球菌平板计数法对人工染菌的乳粉样品进行检测,按照《测量不确定度评定与表示》(JJF 1059.1—2012)分析不确定度来源、评定标准不确定度、计算合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度。金黄色葡萄球菌定量检测结果的扩展不确定度U=0.066 2(k=2.26),金黄色葡萄球菌定量检测结果为33 574～45 541 CFU·g~(^-1),修约后为34 000～46 000 CFU·g^-1。对金黄色葡萄球菌检测不确定度贡献最大的是接种Baird-Parker平板引入的不确定度,其次是重复检测引入的不确定度。     

中国水稻生产效率的变动分析

一、引言中国是世界最大的稻谷生产国 ,水稻是中国最主要的粮食作物。我国加入WTO后 ,在市场经济的调节下 ,稻谷生产与贸易受国际市场和价格的影响越来越大 ,因而如何保护我国的农业 ,提高我国水稻的国际竞争力 ,促进我国农产品的生产和贸易 ,是摆在我们面前的一件重要事情。而生产效率的提高有助于提高我国水稻的国际竞争力 ,所以 ,研究水稻的生产效率很有意义和价值。生产效率是指产出量与全部投入之比 ,表明产出量的变动与全部投入量变动的关系 ,以衡量生产率的变化对经济增长的作用。生产效率一般是指生产系统的总要素生产率 (TotalFa…     

明代华北农业发展的推动因素分析——生产要素角度的描述与估计

本文以明代时期的北直隶、山东、河南为例,从生产要素的角度分析明代华北农业发展的推动因素.一是人口的增长、迁移和耕地面积的增加.二是农田水利,除了治理河流,井灌得到了广泛采用.三是农业技术有所进步.本文还尝试用生产函数模型,分别对中性、劳动增强型和土地增强型的技术进步率进行估计,结苯表明,明代华北农业的增长方式主要依赖于劳动和耕地的增加.在资源约束日益加剧的今天,要进一步重视技术进步在推动农业发展中的作用,同时在技术选择和创新中还特别需要注意与各地的资源禀赋条件相适应.     

分光光度法测定食品中亚硝酸盐不确定度评估

本文根据《测量不确定度评定与表示》(JJF 1059.1—2012)和《食品安全国家标准食品中亚硝酸盐与硝酸盐的测定》(GB 5009.33—2016),利用分光光度法对食品中亚硝酸盐的含量进行测定,建立数学模型对亚硝酸盐含量测定的不确定度来源分量进行计算、分析,食品中亚硝酸盐的测定结果可以表示为X=(11.2±0.70)mg·kg^-1,k=2,为评价试验测量结果的真确性提供科学依据。     

农地生产率变化及不同规模农户农地生产率比较研究--浙江省农村固定观察点农户农地经营状况分析

本文以浙江省农村固定观察点的农户为研究对象①,对近十几年来农户农地利用结构和生产效率方面的变化做一实证分析。一、农地生产率变化分析(一)农地生产率及其经营效益变化从观察户的跟踪观察资料看,随着科学技术的进步和农户生产技术水平的提高,农户的农地生产率总体呈上升趋势。这里我们以浙江的主要农作物粮食的单位面积产量与农地单位面积投工两个方面来说明。从表1可见,在固定观察点建立以来的14年中,按播种面积计算的粮食亩产提高了15.14%(1988年较1986年提高20.60%);同期,每亩农地的用工量减少了36.76%。表1的后半部分是农户农地经…     

重庆缙云山旅游竞争力提升研究

缙云山作为国家级重点风景名胜区,在自然资源、生态、区位和宗教旅游方面具有一定的旅游竞争优势,但如何有效利用这些优势资源提高景区的竞争力仍是其面临的重要问题。通过分析缙云山的旅游竞争力基本要素,指出其目前存在的旅游产品单一、景区客源市场小等问题。提出改变旅游资源开发方向,完善解说系统,培养专业人才,加强管理等提升缙云山旅游竞争力的相关措施。     

Evaluation of forestland use in mining operation activities in Turkey in terms of sustainable natural resources

Mining has been necessary for human activities and is conducted in line with this need. The location of mines must sometimes be where land use overlaps with other activities because the location of the mined substance cannot be changed. In Turkey, forestland are the most common of these overlapping areas. Therefore, mining has frequently occurred on forestland in Turkey—and worldwide. After the mining operation activities are conducted, the forestland are rehabilitated and returned to the forest administration. The examination of used and returned areas provides an opportunity to create an optimal situation between “mining for sustainable development” and “protection of forestland.”Accordingly, several questions, such as mining production amounts, degrees of social and economic development of the cities in which enterprises are conducting mining, the quantity of the areas they used for mining activities in forestland, the areas which were returned to the forest administration, operating license areas and operation permit areas, and the life of mining operation, were asked to the mining enterprises in Turkey through the “Survey Monkey” program in 2018. Thus, according to mineral groups, different land use rates were compared with the operating license areas, and the land uses for each mineral group were analyzed by considering the operation activity periods. The results indicate that the sustainability of the use of forestry in mining activities in Turkey has changed in a positive direction, particularly because of changes in mining and environmental legislation in Turkey over the last decade.     

Assessment of implementation of protection of mineral deposits in spatial planning in Poland

A complex of raw materials available in a given commune shapes its functional − spatial structure and affects local economic development. The use of the resource base of minerals depends largely on the management of the space and respecting the zoning restrictions connected with protection of mineral deposits. The urgent need to protect them is due to their non-renewable nature and progressive development of the land. Preserving access to deposits is essential to ensure future mineral supply necessary for the economic development. This article presents the results of the assessment of implementation of rules of protection of mineral deposits in spatial planning at the level of territorial units in Poland.The study has been conducted in twenty-three communes of the Lesser Poland voivodeship, for thirty-one unexploited mineral deposits designated for protection in the Spatial Development Plan of the Lesser Poland (Małopolskie) Voivodeship of 2003. In the study of conflict with development of the selected mineral deposits with the environment, factors related to land use, forms of nature protection, water conservation and planned land development have been evaluated. The assessment has taken into account the importance of individual factors of conflict by giving them weights by means of pairwise comparison method. Five classes of conflict of the deposit management have been proposed: non-conflicting deposit, small conflict, medium conflict, major conflict and very big conflict. Almost equal numbers of deposits (9) belong to the class characterized by a of medium, small and large conflicts. Road and technical projects as well as expected significant impact of exploitation on the environment restrain exploitation. The impact is related to the necessity of use of explosives during the exploitation and by the cumulative effect of the mining activity already existing nearby. Analysis of the planning documents of the communes has shown both inadequate protection of mineral resources, including designation of areas of deposits for single-family housing, and a few examples of properly maintained spatial planning in the field of protection of mineral deposits. Information obtained from the environmental survey has been supplemented by assessment of the social aspect. In nine communes it has been determined that the areas of mineral deposits are not subject to spatial conflicts but in seven communes there is opposite situation. The most important benefits from the mineral exploitation which has been indicated in the studied documents included: jobs, access to construction materials and development of the commune.Present work allowed to define the areas and the scale of conflicts induced by development of mineral deposits and to propose measures for rational management of mineral resources. Recognition of the existing and potential conflicts can help to make the right decisions concerning development of the area and minimising impacts of exploitation of the mineral deposits.