期货市场基差与套期保值效果的实证研究

利用期货市场的套期保值功能减少企业的经营风险是中国发展期货市场的初衷,而套期保值效果的好坏很大程度上取决于基差的变化,基差是衡量现货价格和期货价格关系的重要指标。作者从基差理论着手,实证分析了中国期货市场多种合约的基差情况,结果表明中国期货市场各合约品种基差普遍较大,保值效果并不理想,指出可以利用基差交易增强保值效果。     

基差的变化与商品期货套期保值的效果

采用套期保值可以九体抵消现货市场中价格波动的风险，但不能使风险完全消失。之所以这样，主要是因为存在“基差”这个因素。因此，基差的变动，对于套期保值者包括投机者来说，是必须密切关注的重要因素。     

大豆期货基差研究——基于ARCH模型

本文采用2009年8月至2015年11月大豆现货价格和期货价格的数据,利用求得的基差,运用ARCH模型分析当期基差与前期基差的关系。结果发现当期基差与前一期基差之间的正相关关系显著,并且当期基差的波动幅度受到前一期基差波动性的影响。因此,套期保值者可以结合本文得出的结论,通过对前期基差大小和波动性进行分析,初步得出本期基差的数值或变化趋势,这样便可以有的放矢,使自己的收益尽可能最大化。     

“套期保值”分析

国内外一些学者把套期交易和套期保值联系在一起。对上海商品交易所2003-2005年天然橡胶期货与现货价格实际变化情况进行研究,发现套期交易除了有锁定价格的作用外,还存在期货价格和现货价格的同方向不同幅度的变动,即套期存在保值差异和逆向风险。因此,套期保值应表述为套期锁险。     

基于VaR方法的沪深300股指期货套期保值基差风险分析

套期保值并没有将风险完全转移出去,而是用变化较小的基差风险来代替变化较大的价差风险.随着价差的变动,套期保值者仍然面临着风险.实践经验表明目前我国企业、投资机构对套期保值的风险并没有引起足够重视.本文以沪深300股指期货套期保值为倒,利用VaR方法对基差风险的大小进行分析.力求通过具数据让投资者对套期保值中的基差风险有更明确的认识从而引起重视.     

我国大豆期货市场上套期保值的持有期效应分析——以大连交易所豆一期货为例

套期保值是期货市场的重要功能,为了规避现货市场上价格波动的风险,人们开始越来越关注期货市场,并通过期货市场对现货市场的交易风险进行一定程度的规避。文章以大连商品交易所大豆1号为研究对象,回归分析研究我国期货市场套期保值的持有期效应。     

沪深300股指期货在套期保值中的实证研究

本文介绍了沪深300股指期货在证券市场中的作用以及利用股指期货进行套期保值的两类方法,详细阐述了利用股指期货组建最小方差投资组合并得出了最小方差套期保值比率的计算公式。使用沪深300股指期货IF1012合约交易数据和上证50ETF交易数据,应用OLS模型估计套期保值比率进行实证研究,并将测算出的套期保值比率用于市场模拟的现货组合,测算了实际的套期保值效果。     

当前粮食企业利用期货市场的几种方式

随着粮食流通体制改革的进一步深化,大批粮食企业将成为自主经营、自负盈亏、自我发展、自我约束的市场主体,在生产经营过程中不可避免地会遇到各种风险,尤其是价格风险。企业回避价格风险需要利用期货市场,并依据期货市场提供的权威性、预期性价格信号指导生产经营活动。当前,粮食企业利用期货市场主要是通过以下方式进行。一、在期货市场进行套期保值1.套期保值操作方法。套期保值可以分为两种最基本的操作方式,即买入套期保值和卖出套期保值。买入套期保值就是指套期保值者先在期货市场上买入与其将在现货市场上买入的现货商品数量相等、…     

对基差分析的套期保值研究

从期货套期保值的方法、作用和策略并用基差分析的案例得出结论：不论市场价格如何变化，当基差扩大时，套期保值将出现净损失；当基差缩小时，套期保值将出现净获利；基差保持不变，不亏损也不盈利。为了更好地实现套期保值的目的，企业在进行交易时必须坚持“均等相对”的原则，同时比较冒险额与保值费用，最终确定是否要进行套期保值。     

商品套期保值实现原理及其风险防范

商品套期保值以规避大宗商品特别是国际市场大宗商品过度波动的价格风险,而普遍受到企业尤其是大型实体企业和贸易企业的欢迎。通过期、现两个市场交易的反向操作进行对冲,实现商品套期保值,是建立在同一商品期货与现货市场价格走势趋于一致,以及合约交割日的临近,现货与期货价格走向趋同这一基石之上的。其基本的要义主要表现为"锁定四个对冲":一是锁定相同交割月份的期货合约对冲;二是锁定相同品种的期货合约对冲;三是锁定等量规模的期货合约对冲;四是锁定交易反向的期货合约对冲。商品套期保值的价值功能,主要表现在具有对冲现货价格大幅波动风险、锁定企业可持续发展预期、放大企业财务杠杆安全边界三个方面。其实现路径主要表现为买入套期保值和卖出套期保值。有效防范商品套期保值风险,需要多措并举,确定全方位积极应对策略,特别是要不断完善内部治理结构,强化风险防控责任,把握期现基差风险全部要义,严格执行"三位一体"操作规则,建立科学的预警防控机制。     

中美玉米期货市场功能效率比较

价格发现与套期保值是期货市场的基本功能,能够反映期货市场的运行效率。通过对比中美贸易摩擦前后期货市场的价格发现和套期保值功能,分析中美玉米期货市场效率间的差距,探究我国玉米期货市场运行效率低的原因。利用格兰杰(Granger)因果分析、协整检验、分位信息份额模型、套期保值比率及绩效分析方法,定量对中美两国2013—2019年玉米期货及现货的数据进行分析,结果表明,中国玉米期货市场存在较强的价格发现功能,但套期保值绩效不佳。使用前沿分位信息份额模型和滚动格兰杰因果法分析中美两国期现货市场动态关系的区别,发现中国仅存期货市场对现货市场的单向引导,而美国在中美贸易摩擦前表现为玉米期现货市场具有相近的引导能力,套期保值效率较高,中美贸易摩擦增强了其现货市场对期货市场的引导能力,降低了期货市场运行效率。从期现货市场双向引导关系视角来看,中国玉米期货市场效率低的原因主要是现货市场的信息不完全、发展不完善,期现货市场缺少长期稳定的双向引导关系抑制了期货市场功能发挥。中国应全面加强期货市场建设,提升期货市场定价效率,推动农产品期货市场快速健康发展。     

Futures market hedging efficiency in a new futures exchange: Effects of trade partner diversification

This paper uses transaction data to examine hedging efficiency in a new futures exchange; the Fish Pool salmon futures exchange in Norway. The paper utilizes data on firm-level exporter/importer transaction prices to quantify firm-level futures hedging efficiency. This allows us to address heterogeneity in hedging efficiency and basis risk at the firm level. The main result of this paper shows that larger firms with greater trade partner diversification have lower basis risk. Such firms align their internal transaction price closer to the common spot price in the market, which encourages greater futures market participation. Results are discussed in light of recent declines in participation in the salmon futures exchange.     

A STRUCTURAL RISK‐NEUTRAL MODEL FOR PRICING AND HEDGING POWER DERIVATIVES

We develop a structural risk‐neutral model for energy market modifying along several directions the approach introduced in Aïd et al. In particular, a scarcity function is introduced to allow important deviations of the spot price from the marginal fuel price, producing price spikes. We focus on pricing and hedging electricity derivatives. The hedging instruments are forward contracts on fuels and electricity. The presence of production capacities and electricity demand makes such a market incomplete. We follow a local risk minimization approach to price and hedge energy derivatives. Despite the richness of information included in the spot model, we obtain closed‐form formulae for futures prices and semiexplicit formulae for spread options and European options on electricity forward contracts. An analysis of the electricity price risk premium is provided showing the contribution of demand and capacity to the futures prices. We show that when far from delivery, electricity futures behave like a basket of futures on fuels.     

The economic advantage of learners in a spot/futures market

This article examines the economic advantage of learners in a futures market. We develop a dynamic model of learning in which a spot market and futures market both exist for a real good. The economy is composed of producers who can engage in hedging activities, speculators who trade in the futures market, and consumers who are described by an inverse demand function for the underlying commodity. Producers and speculators are heterogeneous and are differentiated based upon the predictive equations they employ when formulating forecasts of next period's spot price. We derive the dynamic rational‐expectations equilibrium of the model and show that learners enjoy an economic advantage in the futures market. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 23:151–167, 2003     

Production and hedging under Knightian uncertainty

This article introduces Knightian uncertainty into the production and futures hedging framework. The firm has imprecise information about the probability density function of spot or futures prices in the future. Decision‐making under such scenario follows the “max‐min” principle. It is shown that inertia in hedging behavior prevails under Knightian uncertainty. In a forward market, there is a region for the current forward price within which full hedge is the optimal hedging policy. This result may help explain why the one‐to‐one hedge ratio is commonly observed. Also inertia increases as the ambiguity with the probability density function increases. When hedging on futures markets with basis risk, inertia is established at the regression hedge ratio. Moreover, if only the futures price is subject to Knightian uncertainty, the utility function has no bearing on the possibility of inertia. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 20: 397–404, 2000     

中国小麦期货市场效率的协整检验

本文采用扩展恩格尔-格朗杰检验对中国小麦期货市场效率进行研究,结果显示:未来现货价格与距最后交易日前第7、14、28天期货价格协整,并且距最后交易日越近,期货价格越接近对未来现货价格的无偏估计,期货市场接近有效率市场;未来现货价格与距最后交易日前第56天的期货价格不协整,因此可推断距最后交易日超过56天的期货市场没有效率。     

我国钢材期货对现货价格波动的影响

我国钢材期货和现货价格波动存在正相关性,即使价格短期出现分歧,但从长期来看也会趋向于一致;钢材期货表现出了一定的价格发现功能;上一期现货价格的波动会引起当期期货价格和现货价格的同方向变动,且影响远大于同期期货价格波动和前一期期货价格和现货价格波动的影响;钢材期货的上市不仅不是钢材现货市场价格大幅波动的原因,而且在一定程度上对现货价格的大幅波动起到了抑制作用.钢材期货的推出,无论是对涉钢企业规避价格风险,还是对钢材市场平稳发展及稳定钢材价格,都具有一定的积极意义.     

The effectiveness of coordinating price limits across futures and spot markets

We extend the work of Brennan ( 1986 ) to investigate whether the imposition of spot price limits can further reduce the default risk and lower the effective margin requirement for a futures contract that is already under price limits. Our results show that spot price limits do indeed further reduce the default risk and margin requirement effectively. In addition, the more precise the information is that comes from the spot market, the more the spot price limit rule constrains the information available to the losing party. The default probability, contract costs, and margin requirements are then lowered to a greater degree. Furthermore, for a given margin, both spot price limits and futures price limits can partially substitute for each other in ensuring contract performance. The common practice of imposing equal price limits on both the spot and futures markets, though not coinciding with the efficient contract design, has a lower contract cost and margin requirement than that without imposing spot price limits. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 23:577–602, 2003     

Hedging in Futures and Options Markets with Basis Risk

This paper analyzes the hedging decisions for firms facing price and basis risk. Two conditions assumed in most models on optimal hedging are relaxed. Hence, (i) the spot price is not necessarily linear in both the settlement price and the basis risk and (ii) futures contracts and options on futures at different strike prices are available. The design of the first‐best hedging instrument is first derived and then it is used to examine the optimal hedging strategy in futures and options markets. The role of options as useful hedging tools is highlighted from the shape of the first‐best solution. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 22:59–72, 2002     

最低收购价政策改革背景下小麦期货市场价格发现功能再检验

通过构建最低收购价政策影响下小麦期现货市场的价格传导机制的理论框架,并选取2015年我国小麦最低收购价政策改革前后两个时期各4年的周度数据,使用ADF单位根检验、Johansen协整检验、Granger因果关系检验和方差分解对最低收购价政策改革背景下小麦期货市场的价格发现功能进行实证研究。研究结果表明:无论是强麦还是普麦,最低收购价政策改革对于小麦期货价格与现货价格均衡关系的形成均具有促进作用;在最低收购价政策改革之前,强麦期货市场不具有价格发现功能,之后这种功能才得以形成,同时普麦期货市场的价格发现功能变得更为显著;小麦期货市场的影响力强于现货市场,在价格发现功能中占据主导作用。