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1.
Policy Issues of China's Urban Unemployment   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
This article investigates causes and characteristics of urban layoff and unemployment. Chinese statistics show that the worsening urban unemployment problem is mainly caused by China's institutional changes, sectoral shifts, and cyclical fluctuations. Workers who are middle-aged, less educated, and female have experienced a higher risk of being laid off and unemployed. This article also discusses policy issues of China's urban layoff and unemployment. Supply-side policies include those that expand education, establish job-training programs, limit massive rural–urban migration in the short run, and rationalize labor force participation rate. Demand-side policies aim to create jobs, including policies such as promoting the service industry, attracting foreign investment, and developing the nonstate economy.  相似文献   

2.
This paper investigates how a rise in the urban pollution tax rate may affect urban unemployment and welfare in a small open Harris–Todaro (HT) model with intersectoral capital mobility. First, by formulating urban pollution as a dirty input in manufacturing, we find that an increase in the urban pollution tax rate can increase the level of urban unemployment even with intersectoral capital mobility. That is, the optimistic finding by Rapanos (2007 ) that environmental protection policy reduces urban unemployment in the long run does not always hold. Second, the (sub)optimal pollution tax rate under urban unemployment is higher than the Pigouvian tax rate (the marginal damage of pollution). This result opposes those of Beladi and Chao (2006 ) for a closed HT economy and that of Tsakiris et al. (2008 ) for an open HT economy with sector‐specific capital.  相似文献   

3.
现阶段我国城镇青年的失业问题探讨   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
本文剖析了城镇青年失业群体的失业原因以及特征,并且借鉴了西方国家在引导青年就业时所采用的途径和模式,从中得到启发,并结合我国具体国情,从改革教育模式、加大政策扶持力度改革失业保险制度、完善相关法律配套制度等层面解决我国现阶段城镇青年的失业问题。  相似文献   

4.
This paper undertakes a comparative static analysis in the Harris–Todaro (H–T) model by accommodating local pollution. Unlike in the classical H–T model where migration proceeds in response to urban–rural differences in expected earnings, we consider labor movement taking place according to the difference in utility, which is influenced by the quality of the local environment. The paradoxical result is that an improvement in pollution‐abatement technology gives rise to an increase in urban unemployment and has no effect on the workers' aggregate welfare.  相似文献   

5.
中国城市的失业、消费平滑和预防性储蓄   总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17  
一、导言 经济冲击随时都会发生,特别在发展中国家,不管是基于正常的商业周期、金融冲击还是经济结构调整.最近的亚洲金融危机只是众多例子中的一个.  相似文献   

6.
7.
This paper provides estimates of wage returns to experience‐, firm‐, sector‐ and occupation‐specific tenure for a sample of young Italian male workers. By comparing returns obtained using different estimators, I evaluate the importance of endogeneity and selection problems generated by specific unobserved components and individual fixed effects. After controlling for the role of collective bargaining agreements and occupation categories, results indicate that general labour market experience is the fundamental source of wage growth for blue and white collars, while returns to firm tenure are insignificant. There is some evidence of positive returns to sector and occupational tenure for white collars. Estimates from different sectors suggest that union coverage can be relevant in offsetting the role of search and matching in wage determination.  相似文献   

8.
A Picture of Male and Female Unemployment among Britain's Ethnic Minorities   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Using a sample of around one million observations, formed by combining two micro datasets from the 1991 Census of Population, the paper explores male and female unemployment differences across Britain's ethnic minorities. The large sample size allows a detailed multivariate analysis of females for the first time. Unemployment differences are not simply the result of characteristic differences or discrimination by the white majority. The empirical work shows that there are equally wide discrepancies in female unemployment rates, compared with males, between the white majority and the non-white ethnic minorities. Of particular interest is the comparison between UK born and foreign born ethnic minorities. Unemployment rates among the former tend to be considerably higher, but this is accounted for by characteristic differences. Thus there is no evidence that the UK born are doing worse, as the raw data suggest, but they do not seem to be becoming better assimilated either.  相似文献   

9.
This article compares the short‐ and long‐run effects of technological progress on employment. It presents a simple model of frictional unemployment capturing the negative creative destruction effects of technological change on employment. In the long run, faster technological change accelerates job obsolescence, which reduces the equilibrium level of employment. But it is also shown to have short‐run positive and potentially important effects on employment. This tends to partially reconcile the ‘‘Schumpeterian'’ view of the effects of technological change on labor markets with facts such as the response of most OECD unemployment rates to the 1970s productivity slowdown.  相似文献   

10.
This article examines the linkages between long-term unemployment and two important recent debates in Australia: first, whether unemployment exhibits hysteresis tendencies; second, the nature of the relationship between unemployment and real wages. Our findings favour the hysteresis account in that the evidence rejects an equilibrium relationship between long-term and total unemployment. Also, the effect on real wages of an increase in the number of longterm unemployed is found to be both positive and significant.  相似文献   

11.
This paper explores sufficient conditions for the welfare‐improving environmental policy reform in the Harris–Todaro economy. A rise in the pollution tax rate in the urban manufacturing has spillover effects on the two labor market distortions: the less‐than‐optimal manufacturing employment and the urban unemployment. If both are weakened the welfare improves. Otherwise, we need to develop an alternative sufficient condition. It is shown that there exists a range of welfare‐improving pollution tax rates, and that it corresponds to the lower values of tax rate. This range may shrink by the wage subsidy policy and the technological change toward less pollution‐intensive techniques.  相似文献   

12.
失业调控的微观约束机理   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
导致失业的主要因素是劳动力市场供求价格、技能结构、边际效率、比较利益及要素流动等的失衡,这些都属于劳动力市场的内部因素、微观和客观的因素;而国内外理论界和实业界绝大多数专家学者都自觉或不自觉地将失业问题视为宏观经济问题,企图通过扩张性的财政货币政策来加以治理,因此陷入“通胀”或“滞胀”僵局。解决失业问题应着眼于微观方面,诸如改善劳动力的供求结构、技能结构、区域布局、价格及竞争机制,扭转劳动力需求弹  相似文献   

13.
This paper examines the determinants of Micro and Small and Enterprises (MSEs) access to credit in Ethiopia using detailed firm‐level data collected in 2003. Its basic purpose is to identify the various attributes of a firm that determine its access to credit with an emphasis on the role of firm formality. We find that informal firms are more credit constrained compared to formal firms. A firm’s location, membership of a business association and maintaining an accounting record are found to be important determinants of access to credit. Further, we find firms whose owners have vocational training are more credit constrained than those who are not, as are firms that are exclusively male owned. There is no systematic relation between access to credit and a firm’s age, size and the sector in which it operates. The paper concludes with possible policy interventions designed to improve access to credit for MSEs in Ethiopia.  相似文献   

14.
15.
当前我国失业现状及特征   总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12  
郭飞 《经济纵横》2004,(1):8-11
人均资源短缺与劳动力总量相对过剩 ,是我国现阶段一个基本国情。近年来 ,随着我国经济体制改革的不断深入和经济增长方式的逐步转变 ,我国的失业问题日益凸显并引起整个社会的高度关注 ,已构成对我国今后经济发展和社会稳定的尖锐挑战。本文对我国的失业现状和特征进行了探讨。  相似文献   

16.
Selective search where unemployed job losers confine their job seeking efforts to matches in the pre-separation sector has attracted consid erable attention as a possible source of high and persistent unemployment. However, this idea is questionable. Those opting for selection may do so because this strategy is more effective at gener ating an acceptable offer. Using UK microdata I find evidence in support of the latter view. Selective searchers cannot account for the persistence of high unemployment since the early 1980s  相似文献   

17.
This paper examines the quantitative performance of the standard search and matching model in explaining the cyclical behaviour of Taiwan's labour market. Although the model accounts well for the data in some dimensions, simulated volatility is counterfactually very low, as pointed out in Shimer (2005) for the US labour market. Nevertheless, calibrated to Taiwan's data, the model explains a higher proportion of the observed volatility than the Shimer (2005) results, due to a higher parameter value for leisure; if an extremely high value is assumed, the model explains substantially better, but still partially, the volatility in Taiwan.  相似文献   

18.
The sharp increase in unemployment in the 1990s has focused attention once again on the causes, extent and effects of high and long-term unemployment. This article presents a methodology for estimating the cost, in income terms, that individuals and their families bear as a result of becoming unemployed. Estimates of the cost of job loss are developed for Australia for the period 1973 to 1992. Two methods of estimating the cost of job loss are presented in this article. The first method is the conditional cost of job loss which refers to the loss in income an employed person would incur over a given period of time if they became unemployed. In Australia, the conditional cost of job loss rose sharply in the mid 1980s and again in the early 1990s because of a marked increase in the average duration of unemployment which more than offset a slight increase in the net replacement ratio (that is, the ratio of unemployment income to wage income). The second cost of job loss measure we estimate is the expected cost of job loss. This measure refers to the difference between the expected income stream of workers and the income stream associated with continued certain employment. We interpret the expected cost of job loss as an indicator of the bargaining strength of workers.  相似文献   

19.
The impact of immigration on the change in the unemployment rate in the Netherlands is analyzed using panel data from 26 labor market regions from 1996 through 2003. This study measures immigration through the year-to-year change in the foreign population, paying particular attention to immigrants of non-Western origin. Other variables controlling the composition of the local labor market include: occupation shares, the fractions of workers employed in high- and low-skilled jobs, the fractions of female workers, part-time employees, labor force participants over the age of 55, educational attainment shares, and population density. The ordinary least squares (OLS) results indicate a change in the foreign population in the labor force led to a statistically significant increase in the upward volatility of Dutch unemployment rates while the change in the non-Western share had no significant effect.
James J. Jozefowicz (Corresponding author)Email:
  相似文献   

20.
在城市发展进程中,诸多因原有自然基底条件限制或用地性质转变等原因,而未经过多人工干预的土地发展成为城市荒野空间。从城市自然再认知的角度出发,辨析了城市荒野在传承人地共生关系、承载生态系统服务功能以及提升城市生物多样性等方面的潜质;梳理出城市荒野的基本类型与存续目标,包括初级荒野的整体保护、次级荒野的再生与利用、间隙荒野的激活与新生,以及类荒野的认知引导。在此基础上,结合案例研究,归纳出每类城市荒野空间发展的典型策略与应用情境,以期从理论框架和实践应用层面推进城市荒野空间有效的组织利用,为中国城市更新与可持续发展提供新思路。  相似文献   

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