北京山区特色农业资源开发

特色农业资源是北京山区发展的基础和前提条件。该文在对山区特色农业资源的概念进行界定,分析北京发展特色农业的必要性及优势条件的基础上,从不同角度明确了北京山区特色农业资源的开发现状,重点阐述了北京山区主要特色农业资源的类型、种类、特性、规模及效益。     

北京山区板栗产业循环农业模式经济效益分析

通过实地问卷调查获取北京山区板栗循环农业的数据,对栗菌模型-1,栗菌模型-2等五种板栗循环农业模式经济效益进行了估算;在此基础上,将5种循环农业模式按照替代与互补关系进行组合,估算了北京板栗产业全部推广应用这些模式组合将可能产生的经济收益,为北京山区板栗产业循环农业模式的选择提供参考和依据。     

产业融合对北京密云浅山区的生态脆弱性影响

[目的]北京浅山区(海拔100～500m)是自然与人文相互作用、相互影响最强烈的区域,文章以北京密云浅山区为例,探讨浅山区农业产业融合对周边环境的生态脆弱度影响。[方法]实地调研了区域内典型融合型农业产业及其类型,选择海拔高度、坡度、土壤耕层厚度、土壤养分、植被覆盖度等指标建立指标体系,进行了前后相隔30年两个时间点生态脆弱度指数的核算和分析,得出密云浅山区生态脆弱度的变化特点。[结果]相对于1980年, 30年后密云浅山区生态脆弱度整体降低,得益于北京市近年来出台的一系列生态环境保护政策和密云水库水源地生态涵养政策;密云浅山区融合型产业主要包括综合型农业科技园、农业观光园、果蔬采摘园、民俗旅游村四大类型,各占有30%、17%、17%和11%的比重。综合型农业科技园、面积较大的规模果园、设施蔬菜园、观光花园年产值收益较高,加工产品、果品采摘收入、餐饮收入、门票收入是融合型农业收入的主要部分;4种融合型产业生态脆弱度多处于中度脆弱以上,农业科技园的生态脆弱度为Ⅲ级,生态环境负效应明显,农业观光园生态脆弱度为Ⅱ～Ⅳ级;果蔬采摘园生态脆弱度多为Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,该类园区在一定程度上起到了生态涵养的作用。民俗旅游村生态脆弱度多数为中等脆弱。[结论]对生态环境具有正效应的融合型农业类型为:经营模式为荒山开发、粗放管理的观光采摘果园,这些产业的人为活动对生态环境的影响较弱。对生态环境具有负效应的融合型农业类型为:精细化管理、高投入高产值、年均游客量大的规模化农业融合产业。这些产业改变了原始植被和土壤结构并建有配套的餐饮住宿设施,生态环境有恶化的趋势。     

河南省农业现代化发展的空间格局研究

[目的]基于产业融合的视角对河南省农业现代化发展水平进行评测,并由此分析其空间格局特征,有助于判断区域农业现代化发展的地域性差异,对促进区域农业协调发展具有重要的意义。[方法]文章基于我国农业现代化发展阶段,构建产业融合视角下的农业现代化评价指标体系,通过熵值法测算其农业现代化发展水平,采用全局Moran′s I指数分析其空间自相关性,由此探索河南省农业现代化的空间格局特征。[结果]河南省农业现代化水平呈正的空间自相关,以河南省17个地级市为单元的农业现代化水平呈现出较强的空间集聚特征。河南省农业现代化发展的高水平区域聚集在以郑州为中心的豫东北地区,低值水平区聚集在豫南、豫西北、豫西地区。[结论]从河南省农业现代化发展的整体趋势来看,其主要受益于系统内的农业多功能拓展、农业产业链延伸及农业产业价值的全面提升,随着乡村振兴战略的实施,有效带动乡村产业融合发展是新时期农业现代化发展的重要方向;农业产业融合作为推动农业结构调整快速实现的有效手段,是切实提高农业综合效益、改善农业发展现状、促进农业现代化发展的重要路径;经济水平和地理区位对农业现代化发展的影响作用在逐渐加强,应通过产业联动、技术渗透、体制创新等方式,因地制宜地形成农业生产与农产品加工、休闲农业等有机结合。     

北京生态文明沟域建设的理论思考

近年来,北京山区以依托优质的生态资源、丰富的自然资源和悠久的历史文化资源,大力发展山区沟域经济,取得了显著成效。该文从生态文明沟域建设战略出发,阐述了生态文明沟域建设的背景,即开展首都山区生态文明沟域建设是转型发展的内在需求,北京山区已经具备开展生态文明建设的基础,生态文明沟域建设是当前北京山区发展的迫切需求,生态文明沟域建设是沟域经济发展转型的内在需要等4个方面。同时,该文梳理了生态文明沟域建设的理论基础,包括生态文明建设与经济发展的辩证统一,生态文明建设发展的系统论以及生态文明建设的复杂论等。特别是从理论高度对生态文明沟域建设进行了战略思考,提出了生态文化引领战略、生态优先发展战略、区域和沟域统筹发展战略以及幸福导向型战略等四大战略。     

浙江省生态循环农业发展实践与启示

发展循环农业是实现农业清洁生产、农业资源可持续利用的有效手段,也是解决资源与环境问题的根本途径,是推动农村经济发展的必然选择。浙江省整建制推进现代生态循环农业,先后建成现代生态循环农业示范区100个、示范主体1 000个、生态牧场1万个以上,基本形成了"主体小循环、园区中循环、区域大循环"的生态循环农业发展格局。研究依据现代农业发展理念,依照经营主体类型、生产规模、产业组织形式、生产环节物质流程与利益共享机制,结合区域辐射范围和产业融合特点,在实地调研的基础上,系统梳理循环农业发展实践模式,将浙江省循环农业分为经营主体小循环、园区生态中循环和区域闭合大循环3个层面,进一步探讨和凝练循环农业发展内在机理、运动规律和实践经验,阐明这三类循环模式的形成机制、发展动力与价值链接,选择典型案例剖析了循环产业链条的链接形式、物质流程与价值增值的环节,在此基础上,进一步提出加强产业融合、促进循环农业发展的约束与激励机制等对策建议。     

基于区域差异性的河北省环首都农业竞争优势分析

[目的]通过分析河北省环首都经济圈内农业区域特点,试图找出环首都农业竞争优势,以期为京津冀地区农业产业结构转型升级提供理论依据。[方法]文章以环首都农业为研究对象,利用层次递进法分析河北省环首都经济圈涉及县、市的农业发展特点,重点分析河北省在农业资源、市场拓展、人力资源、区位及物流成本、技术获取转化及错位发展等优势。[结果]张家口、承德环首都北部区域,生态基础良好,绿色农产品、休闲农业是今后的发展方向;保定、廊坊环首都南部区域,具有优越的自然生产条件,畜产品、蔬果的质量与产量均较高。[结论]环首都经济圈内河北省的农业产业优势显著,河北省与北京市、天津市农业区域合作是"环首都经济圈"发展战略的重要组成部分。     

产业视角下环京津山区贫困县农业品牌建设路径研究*——以张家口市崇礼区为例

[目的]农业品牌建设是连接农业生产与市场消费的有效途径,是贫困地区特色农产品产销对接的重要抓手,在环京津贫困地区率先实现农业品牌建设的突破,示范意义重大。然而,针对贫困县的研究相对缺乏,农业品牌建设实践中脱离产业实际的问题比较常见,亟需路径探索。[方法]采用文献梳理、案例分析、实地和书面调研等方法,以张家口市崇礼区为例,对环京津山区贫困县农业品牌建设的现状进行分析,对路径与战略作出谋划。[结果]环京津山区贫困县的农业产业具有品质优势、错季优势和物流优势,受到资源短缺、投入不足、人才匮乏的限制,也面临居民消费升级、京津冀协同发展、产业扶贫等机遇。[结论]在产业视角下推进环京津山区贫困县农业品牌建设,应当重点实施品质农业发展行动,加强品牌营销,培育专业队伍,开展小而美、中高端、精准化的特色农业品牌建设。同时,建议上级有关部门在组织保障、政策倾斜、指导服务上给予有力支持。     

北京山区区域公共政策绩效评价研究——以“十五”、“十一五”时期北京山区政策为例

为了发展山区、解决山区建设中存在的诸多矛盾,北京制定了一系列专门针对山区的区域公共政策。本文从政策直接效应和间接效应两方面,对北京"十五"、"十一五"时期山区政策进行绩效评价,其中直接效应从生态、经济、生态经济、社会四个方面进行了评价,间接效应主要是通过农业生态服务价值的变化来反映山区政策带来的山区生态服务、生活服务、生产服务、资源服务价值等方面的变化。评价结果显示,北京山区区域公共政策在给山区带来正向直接效应的同时,也有政策无效的表现。     

我国农村产业融合发展研究

[目的]农村产业融合发展是打造新农业农村经济增长极的重要载体,是构建蓝绿交织、清新明亮、产业共融的田园综合体的有效途径,对于促进农民增收、农业增效、农村增绿具有重要意义。[方法]文章根据统计数据,通过定性分析的方法,对我国农村产业融合发展意义、现状、机遇及制约因素进行了深入研究。[结果]当前我国农村产业融合发展初见成效,发展模式日益多样化、经营主体逐步多元化、利益联结机制不断健全。新形势下,我国农村产业融合发展的制度环境更加优越、物质基础更加雄厚、市场空间更加广阔、内生动力更加强劲。但是,我国农村产业融合还处于起步阶段,农村产业融合层次浅、新型农业经营主体带动能力弱、利益联结机制松散、要素瓶颈制约尚未打破、基础设施建设滞后等问题比较突出。[结论]提出应从加强顶层设计、完善产业融合模式、强化新型农业经营主体的带动能力、健全利益联结机制、激发多种要素、加强基础设施建设等方面搭建农村产业融合发展平台,促进农村产业融合发展驶入"时代高铁"。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.