Resource Investments and Loyalty to Recreational Sport Tourism Event

ABSTRACT

Sport tourism events have a marketing possibility in the Japanese tourism industry. The ultramarathon is a very popular recreational sport event in the world. This type of sport tourism event has shared with completive and enjoyment factors in relation to participant's motivation. Loyalty is a very important factor with attendance to recreational sport events. Generally, as many researchers indicated, that participants' loyalty will lead to repeat attendance or purchase. However, there is no consensus as to how loyalty develops. In the files of recreational sport tourism event research, the process leading to participants' loyalty with a specific event is not evident.

The purpose of this article is to test a conceptual framework of the development of loyalty (Morais et al., 2004 Morais, D. B., Dorsch, M. J. and Backman, S. J. 2004. Can tourism providers buy their customers' loyalty? Examining the influence of customer-provider investments on loyalty. Journal of Travel Research, 42(3): 235–243. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]) that is grounded in resource theory. According to the proposed model, when participants and organizers invest specific profiles of resources in each other, the participants tend to develop a bond with the customer and become dedicated to maintaining a stable relationship. The model is used to discuss the mixed results of current loyalty from recreational sport event tourists to organizers and to outline future research efforts.     

Understanding Event Sport Tourism Experiences of Support Partners: A Research Note

The purpose of this research reflection is to set the stage for a more detailed research agenda in exploring event sport tourism experiences of support partners (SPs) during events. Using photo elicitation, the article presents a preliminary empirical case study. Visual materials were assembled by three female participants to interrogate how SPs experience “spectator space” and explore the processes that produced those experiences, an area of study that remains relatively unexplored in leisure research. Initial findings show how waiting to see the triathlete can be anxiety-provoking, but the release of emotion when smiles are exchanged constitutes core activities of being there. However, there are more questions than answers, and there is a need for further inquiry. Suggestions for future research on the impact of serious leisure on intimate others are given.     

低碳旅游:一种新的旅游发展方式

随着人类生态文明建设进程的推进,低碳经济、低碳技术、碳汇机制、低碳消费方式正日益影响和诱导着人类的生产和消费方式。旅游作为人类文明进步的产物,具有响应低碳经济模式、运用低碳技术、推行碳汇机制、倡导低碳消费方式的先天优势。以营造低碳旅游吸引物、建设低碳旅游设施、培育碳汇旅游体验环境和倡导低碳旅游消费方式为主要实现路径的低碳旅游发展方式,是旅游响应低碳经济发展方式的具体行动,为生态文明新时代背景下的可持续旅游发展方式提供了新的发展指向。     

旅游信用、人力资本与旅游产业发展

传统的产业经济学理论主要注重经济因素而较少注重社会因素对产业发展的影响.本文构建了基于信用资本、人力资本的产业经济增长模型,研究旅游信用资本、人力资本与区域旅游经济发展之间的影响机制,并以中国29个省市,东、中、西部不同省份的面板数据,对旅游业人力资本、信用资本积累与旅游业发展之间影响机制进行了实证检验.结果表明,私人生产性的教育消费支出和公共教育支出总体上促进了旅游业人力资本积累;旅游业人力资本积累相对于政府培育信用资本的公共支出更加有利于促进旅游业信用资本积累;信用资本对中国旅游业发展产生了积极影响,但这些影响存在较大的地区差异性.该研究为促进中国旅游业信用资本、人力资本积累与区域旅游经济的协调发展提供了理论基础.     

Running Havana: Observations on the Political Economy of Sport Tourism in Cuba

Abstract

Sport tourism is a booming global business that has different costs and benefits for distinctive societies depending upon both global and local socio‐cultural, political and economic factors. With more than 130 officially sanctioned events worldwide, marathon running has developed to become a key feature of the international sport tourism calendar. This paper provides an ethnographic account of the 2005 Marabana – the Havana Marathon. After consideration of some of the central conceptual and historical issues pertinent to sport tourism in relation to the marathon in general, it uses this race and the events surrounding it as a critical window into Cuba’s complex contemporary political economy. Detailed consideration is given to the special conditions that have led to the development of the Island’s sport tourism industry and the consequences of that development in terms of Cuba’s political heritage. What sets Cuba apart from the tourist economies of its Caribbean neighbours is its continued commitment to the economic and political principles of communism and its strained and tense relationship with the United States. The paper concludes by pointing to the social and economic contradictions associated with the development of a tourist economy that is essentially capitalist within a society that is avowedly communist.     

Hospitality and Tourism Curriculum Development

Abstract

This project presents a case study illustration of a qualitative research approach for enhancing an undergraduate curriculum of a hospitality and tourism management program at a large university. Four focus groups consisting of current students, alumni, faculty, and industry practitioners provided extensive information about past and current performance of the travel and tourism program. The data collected indicated areas of concern in three different levels: the university, the hospitality and tourism program, and the university's relationships with external constituencies. Recommendations and suggestions for curriculum enhancement took into consideration the perceptions of the focus groups' participants.     

冬奥会对举办城市旅游休闲的影响和启示:一个文献综述

第一届冬奥会于1924年1月25日在法国的夏慕尼(Chamonix)举行。之后每隔4年举行一届,目前已经举办了23届运动会。关于冬奥会的研究比夏季奥运会少得多(Guala和Turco,2009),但是仍然形成了一些积累。其中,关于冬奥会对举办城市旅游休闲的影响,可为北京冬奥旅游的发展提供重要参考。一、冬奥会对举办城市旅游休闲的积极影响(一)带来直接旅游收益以及持久综合收益1992年法国阿尔贝维尔(Albertville)举办冬奥会后,1993年冬季游客人天数比1989年大约多8%(May,1995)。2002年美国盐湖城冬季奥运会后,犹他州的冬季体育旅游蓬勃发展。2004—2005年滑雪季是有记录的滑雪者访问量最高的记录,超过了前一年创下的记录;2005—2006年度,犹他州的13个滑雪胜地共接待了410万滑雪者,而2000年犹他州只有300万滑雪者(Guala和Turco,2007)。     

Malaysia's Tourism Development and Marketing

Abstract

Malaysia has proven itself as one of the most successful and fastest growing economies in Southeast Asia. Being one of the world's greatest undiscovered and unexplored countries, there exists a vast tourism development potential in Malaysia. The Malaysian government in recent years has placed unprecedented importance on the role of tourism in its economic development process. This article reviews recent developments in tourism development and marketing efforts in Malaysia.     

Landscape Sensitivity and Tourism Development

The paper argues that carrying capacity is not the most effective way to analyse the relationship between the 'natural' environment and tourism pressure. Rather that concepts embedded within geomorphology, namely 'lag time', 'environmental thresholds' and 'dynamic metastable equilibrium' may provide a better approach to examine feedback between tourism and the environment. This could also provide the conceptual framework for the integration of the natural and social sciences in the study of tourism impacts, and the mechanism for truly sustainable development. The paper contends that the identification and management of threshold events and the use of base-line data on time scales of 10² to 10³ years should be at the centre of the decision-making process. The paper warns against the use of 'limits of acceptable change' as a way of managing the interplay between tourism and the environment. The relationship between shoreline management and tourism development is used to illustrate the arguments presented.     

The Impact of Consumer Behavior and Service Perceptions of a Major Sport Tourism Event

The Honolulu Marathon has consistently provided a positive economic impact to the state of Hawaii's economy. The purpose of this study was to assess the economic benefits of the 2007 Honolulu Marathon by runners from outside the state of Hawaii and their traveling companions on the city of Honolulu. Another purpose of this study was to compare the service perceptions of Japanese participants with those of English-speaking participants, with a focus on examining opportunities to increase economic contributions from the two groups. The 2007 Honolulu Marathon is the third largest marathon in the USA and six largest in the world, with over 27,000 runners registered. Only the New York City Marathon (34,729) and the Chicago Marathon (32,332) are larger. Of the 27,000 registered participants of the Honolulu Marathon, 19,500 runners are residents from outside the state of Hawaii. The data used in this study were collected by distributing a research instrument to marathon participants. The instrument consisted of 18 questions regarding length of stay, accommodation, and the amount of money spent by the marathon participants for food, lodging, souvenirs and other miscellaneous items while attending the marathon activities in Honolulu. A total of 1,643 participants completed the surveys for this study. Examination and analysis of these results will prove to be very helpful in determining the economic benefit the Honolulu Marathon has on Honolulu and the state of Hawaii.

The Honolulu Marathon accounted for an economic impact of $108,890,000 that generated $3.7 million in state taxes. The opportunity for internationally diverse participatory sports events to increase tourism substantially, especially in the state of Hawaii, suggests that further research in this area is necessary.     

中国旅游发展笔谈

“遵守规则,开放市场“是我国加入WTO所作出的基本承诺,然而目前各级政府部门在管理行为上越位、缺位和错位的现象依然相当普遍,政府既当“运动员“又当“裁判员“、既是游戏规则制定者又是利益分配参与者的现象,还没有完全根除.……     

Development of MICE Tourism in Australia

Abstract

The meetings, incentives, conventions and exhibitions (MICE) sector is one of the more rapidly growing market segments of Australian tourism. While demand for this form of tourism is increasing, there are several issues on the supply side which must be addressed. The paper identifies five key challenges relating to promoting cooperative behaviour among industry stakeholders, government support, infrastructure, training and service and marketing which must be met to maximise the scale and scope of these benefits. The paper discusses these issues in turn and assesses the implications for stakeholders in both the public and private sector. It concludes with some observations regarding the development of MICE tourism in Australia.     

中国旅游发展笔谈

20 0 3,中国旅游市场拓展新的跨越经改革开放 2 0多年的不懈努力 ,中国已跻身世界旅游大国行列 ,正健步向世界旅游强国迈进 ,形成了良好的旅游国度形象 ,开发建成了三大旅游发达区 (环渤海旅游区、长江三角洲旅游区和珠江三角洲旅游区 )、四大旅游带 (西安丝绸之路旅游带 ,昆明生态旅游带和桂林、成都山水风光旅游带 )、六大旅游金三角 (京—沪—穗 ,京—西—沪 ,京—西—桂 ,穗—桂—昆 ,沪—苏—杭和粤—港—澳 ) ,不同特色、不同线路的国际旅游产品系列日渐凸现。 2 0 0 2年我国接待入境旅游人数突破 90 0 0多万人次大关 ,比上年增长约 1…     

中国旅游发展笔谈

当前,理论界研究国内旅游的发展一般从以下角度着手: 1.国内旅游对拉动内需的作用.从1998年起,中央连续几年强调旅游业在国民经济中的地位,将旅游业列为新的经济增长点就是一个最为明显的政策倾斜;1999年的法定假日实行方式的改革也从一个侧面反映出对旅游业促进消费作用的良好预期.使国内旅游业的这一作用成为研究的一个重点.2.旅游业对地区经济尤其是一些不发达地区经济的促进作用.例如,在国内旅游最大的三个客源产出地北京、上海、珠江三角洲附近,许多地区的经济依托国内旅游得到了迅速的发展;而河北野三坡、云南丽江等一些不发达地区更是靠国内旅游的发展改变了贫困的局面.这一问题也得到了相当多的研究者的重视.