推进农业合作组织体制与机制创新——台湾发展农业合作组织之启迪

建设新农村，农民是主体，而分散的、千家万户的个体农民难以有效承载新农村建设的重大项目和资金的有效使用，因此，建设新农村，必须把创新农业合作组织体制与机制作为一项重要工程。台湾农业合作组织建设有长达50多年的历史，其巾不乏经验教训，值得借鉴。     

社会主义新农村建设中"主导人"与"主体人"的定位建设

社会主义新农村建设成功的关键是人的定位建设,"主导人"与"主体人"的建设必须有机结合,什么样的"主导人"是农民群众欢迎的?新农村建设的"根"在农民,依靠的是农民,为的是农民,服务型农民干部正是新农村建设之所需,还能发挥导向性作用.怎样建设"主体人"?主体地位得以充分体现的"主体人"才能在社会主义新农村建设中发挥主体性作用.     

新农村建设不忘“农村特色”和“农业本色”——上海市嘉定区毛桥村新农村建设的成功经验及启示

新农村建设要因地制宜,从农民的根本利益出发,保障农民的权益;要正确处理好农民主体和政府主导的关系,充分发挥农民的主体作用;要充分保留"农村特色和农业本色",这是上海市郊毛桥村新农村建设实践为我们给出的答案。     

农民合作组织与新农村建设的战备思考

该文论述了农民合作组织在新农村建设中的重要作用，分析了当前农民合作组织存在的问题，提出了建设新农村，促进农民合作组织健康发展的对策：一是要大力开展培训教育和宣传活动；二是要构建良好服务平台；三是要抓好典型示范引导；四是要尽快制定农民合作组织法；五是要切实加强内部管理。     

农民合作组织与新农村建设的战略思考

该文论述了农民合作组织在新农村建设中的重要作用,分析了当前农民合作组织存在的问题,提出了建设新农村,促进农民合作组织健康发展的对策：一是要大力开展培训教育和宣传活动；二是要构建良好服务平台；三是要抓好典型示范引导；四是要尽快制定农民合作组织法；五是要切实加强内部管理。     

新型农民合作组织发展与金融支持问题研究

2012年12月22日中央农村工作会议强调,着力发展多种形式的新型农民合作组织和多元服务主体,通过提高组织化程度实现与市场的有效对接。农民专业合作经济组织已成为增加农民收入、推动农业产业化发展和推动社会主义新农村建设的有效载体。本文归纳总结了我国农民合作组织发展现状,分析了农民专业合作组织发展及金融支持存在的问题,并提出促进金融支持的合理化意见和建议。     

试论政府在社会主义新农村建设中的角色定位

新农村建设是一项前无古人的伟大事业,我国的基本国情决定了政府在其中的角色,既不能缺位,又不能越位,必须正确处理好发挥自身作用与调动农民积极性的关系。一方面有些事情要实行政府主导、强力推动;另一方面政府又不能代替农民在新农村建设中的主体地位,让农民充分认清自己的权利和义务,强化其主体意识,办好农民该办的事情。     

培育新型农民的有关问题探讨

建设社会主义新农村是党中央、国务院“三农”工作指导思想的深化、升华和发展,是落实科学发展观、推进“两个反哺”的重要举措,而新农村建设农民是其主体,党的十七大报告指出,要“培育有文化、懂技术、会经营的新型农民,发挥亿万农民建设社会主义新农村的主体作用”。社会主义新农村建设是广大农民自身的创造性实践,充分调动农民的积极性、主动性和创造性,是有效推进并长期发展社会主义新农村建设的根本动力。所以,对作为新农村建设主体的培育工作,应该是新农村建设的重中之重。     

社会主义新农村建设中的政府主导和农民主体关系研究

社会主义新农村建设要切实处理好政府主导和农民主体的关系。政府主导体现在保障权益、提供公共产品、调节城乡关系、促进公平分配、协调经济社会发展、培养新型农民。农民主体体现在体现农民意愿、发挥农民的主动性积极性和创造性。二者关系的处理关键在于转变政府职能,提高干部素质,转变政府官员的政绩观。     

新农村建设中农民主体性研究

农民是新农村建设的主要力量，是新农村建设的主体。主体性是新形势下农民的基本特征，是新型农民与传统农民的基本区别。从人的主体性的涵义及特点，回顾了我国农民主体性发展的历史过程，从唤醒农民主体意识、扩大县域农业发展自主权、保障农民参政的主体权利、维护农民的物质利益、发展农民专业合作组织五个方面论述了实现农民自主性的对策问题。     

THE RELEVANCE OF THE COOPERATIVE MODEL IN THE FIELD OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

While ‘traditional’ cooperatives operating for a long time in fields such as banking, agriculture, or retail, have received important attention in the cooperative literature, much work still needs to be done to understand why and how cooperatives emerge either in fields in which they have not traditionally been widespread (such as health and care, services, etc.), or in ‘new’ fields or sub‐fields (such as fair trade, microfinance or renewable energy). Research is even more needed insofar as ‘new’ cooperatives tend to differ from traditional ones in several ways, for instance through the involvement of multiple stakeholders (rather than a dominant one such as producers, consumers or workers) or through a stronger orientation towards general interest goals (beyond traditional mutual interest at the basis of most cooperatives). In this article, we analyze the emergence of cooperatives in the field of renewable energy. This emergence has raised a lot of enthusiasm among the supporters of cooperatives and citizen‐based renewable energy as well as questions regarding the viability and the replicability of this model. On the one hand, the assets of the cooperative model enable us to understand why this form has been adopted by citizen groups and has developed, although to varying extents, in many countries. On the other hand, the limits or weaknesses of the model enable us to explain why cooperatives are still a minority in the field of renewable energy and why their development is constrained by several obstacles.     

THE EMERGENCE OF FREELANCER COOPERATIVES IN SOUTH KOREA

This paper examines freelancer cooperatives that have recently emerged in South Korea. In particular, it investigates the reasons why freelancers have established cooperatives and what conditions are required for freelancer cooperatives to increase their work. A review of the extant literature on the manner in which freelancers have to organize, as well as case studies regarding freelancer cooperatives, shows that freelancer cooperatives have emerged in order to reduce members' job uncertainty and to reduce time variance of projects assigned to a freelancer. Based on an analysis of freelancers’ organizational characteristics relative to entrepreneur cooperatives and worker cooperatives, we propose that the freelancer cooperatives are a hybrid between entrepreneur cooperatives and worker cooperatives. This paper also proposes the conditions required for development of freelancer cooperatives and suggests how those are distinguished from traditional entrepreneur cooperatives.     

Cross-border cooperation: A response to the challenges facing agri-food cooperatives in Southern European countries

All agri-food cooperatives share common interests, irrespective of their geographical borders, which should encourage them to undertake inter-cooperation processes as well as to set up transnational cooperatives. This paper has two objectives. The first is to analyze Spanish and Portuguese cooperative regulations and the Statute for a European Cooperative Society to define how to embark on these processes in the two countries while also pinpointing the conflicts that may arise from the different regulations. Secondly, it seeks to ascertain which Spanish and Portuguese cooperatives have had experience in this field and to characterize them through a multiple-case study, including the rationale for the processes, the advantages and the constraints. The results have revealed five cross-border cooperation categories and show that the Statute for a European Cooperative Society has not had the expected success at the EU level, due to its complexity. However, in general, the lack of expected cross-border cooperative experiences is not due to legal, language or management issues. It is for different reasons. Firstly, cooperatives think that they can achieve the same objectives through inter-cooperative agreements. Secondly, government policies protect the regional nature of their cooperatives, rather than encouraging them to expand their business and therefore their capacity to respond to current challenges.     

合作社实践与本土评价标准

真假合作社问题的争论关系到对今天合作社运动整体形势的判断和未来政策的走向。这种判断的关键分歧不是对现有的合作社运动状态的描述,而是对合作社标准的不同把握。影响比较大的合作社判定标准有四种：即国际合作社联盟标准、严格的合作社法标准、宽泛的合作社法标准和在实践中的“多元兼容和混合标准”,采用第四个标准更为符合丰富多彩的合作社现实实践。按此标准,今天的合作社70％都是真的;或者说真假合作社的争论没有意义,应该留给合作社更多实践的空间。我们要能够从合作社的现实实践中寻找到我们本土的评价标准。从今天的合作社发展现实而言,重要的不是马上严格规范,而是给他们以宽松的发展环境,在实践中摸索标准,边发展边规范。     

Marx, Marxism and the cooperative movement

This paper has a dual aim: first, to draw attention to a numberof passages in which Marx explicitly extolled the cooperativemovement and thereby confute the wrong but widely held assumptionthat Marx was inimical to the market and rejected cooperationas a production mode even for the transition period; second,to argue that the continuing neglect of Marxists both of thecooperative movement and of the passages from Marx (and Engels)that present a system of producer cooperatives as a new productionmode can be traced back in part to the late emergence of aneconomic theory of producer cooperatives.     

False prosperity: Rethinking government support for farmers’ cooperatives in China

The rapid development of farmers’ cooperatives in rural China cannot be separated from government support. To ensure the growth of farmers’ cooperatives, the Chinese government uses it as a key performance indicator for its local institutions. Superficially, rural China's cooperative population and membership size witnessed rapid growth during the first decade after the Farmers’ Specialized Cooperatives Law was enacted in 2007; however, such government intervention also leads to non-standard phenomena due to market distortion. Using nationally representative survey data from 504 cooperatives in Jiangsu, Jilin, and Sichuan provinces, this paper provides a reliable estimate of the “shell cooperative” rate around 2014. The empirical study sheds further light on the role of government during the period of rapid but chaotic growth by a subset containing 241 marketing cooperatives. Results show that direct administrative intervention leads to the emergence of many shell cooperatives (approximately 37%). Further study also confirms that task-oriented policy support is only positively associated with the nominal coverage ratio but has no significant relationship with cooperatives’ function. This study provides new insights into the formation of shell cooperatives and suggests that direct administrative intervention may not be a good strategy for promoting the sustainable development of farmers’ cooperatives.     

COMMUNITY AND COOPERATION: THE EVOLUTION OF COOPERATIVES TOWARDS NEW MODELS OF CITIZENS' DEMOCRATIC PARTICIPATION IN PUBLIC SERVICES PROVISION

The community cooperatives that are spreading today in many parts of the world are the arrival point of an evolutionary process that has seen the progressive shift of cooperatives’ focus from specific social and professional groups to society as a whole. This evolution is marked by two changes. The first was at the turn of the 19th century when there made their appearance the first community cooperatives which catered to the needs of a whole community. Among them were electric cooperatives, cooperative banks and some kinds of agricultural cooperatives. A further development relevant to the evolution of community cooperatives occurred towards the end of the last century with the enlargement of cooperatives’ aims to embrace society's benefit. From this process there emerge in total four categories of cooperatives which taken together constitute a complete classification of the cooperative universe. New community cooperatives are the off‐springs of the old ones but the picture is rather confused. The term itself is relatively new and similar institutions are named differently at different times. Moreover, though having a few basic features in common, they differ much from one another and from the old ones. To take care of this we elaborate a concept of community cooperative consistent with its evolution and the classification of cooperatives we have identified. Basic elements of the concept are community goods, territory and citizenship, which are discussed extensively with reference to factual cases. We then discuss in what way new community cooperatives differ from old ones. The paper closes with a discussion of their future prospects.     

农村资金互助社发展现状及对策研究

农村资金互助社作为一种为入股社员服务的新型农村金融机构,真正体现了合作金融的精神。目前我国正规农村资金互助社数量少,大多数农村资金互助社以准正规和非正规金融的形式存在,发展中存在缺乏法律保护和规范、融资渠道不畅、监管过严与缺失并存等问题。根据农村资金互助社发展现状及存在的问题提出相应的对策建议。     

农村信用社与农村经济增长关系的实证分析

对农村信用社与农村经济增长之间关系的实证研究表明,农村信用社的发展对农村经济持续增长具有极大的促进作用.针对农村信用社发展中面临的问题,应进一步改革农信社的股权结构、强化农信社的退出机制、有效协调对农信社的监管等,以促进农信社的健康发展.     

农民专业合作社收益分配机制及影响因素分析

收益分配制度是确定农民专业合作社和社员关系的关键因素。从决策机制、股权结构、合作社文化等方面分析我国不同地区农民专业合作经济组织收益分配制度,发现多种因素影响我国农民专业合作社分配制度,应从完善合作社社员大会制度、规范合作社的股权结构、完善分配制度等方面建立和完善农民专业合作社盈余分配机制,以实现合作社社会公平和经济效率的双重属性,促进农民专业合作社持续、健康发展。