论高校特色专业对大学生就业的影响

建设高校特色专业是提高人才培养质量,面向社会需求优化专业结构重要举措。本文通过分析我国特色专业建设及大学生就业情况,发现近年来,高校特色专业毕业生在就业方面仍然存在较大差异。一些专用技术性较强的和特色非常鲜明的工科特色专业毕业生就业情况较好,而一些特色不够突出的或同类化的特色专业毕业生就业仍然不容乐观。     

弱势群体就业促进研究

就业是民生之本,促进就业是保障和改善民生的头等大事。近年来,我国大力推进统筹城乡就业,全面落实各项促进就业政策,全国就业局势总体保持稳定。但由于种种因素的制约,一些城乡弱势群体的就业状况还未得到根本改善。文章以内蒙古为例,从就业促进战略、专项工程、就业培训与援助、县域经济与非公有制经济、好的城镇化、社会保障制度等几个方面探索了弱势群体摆脱就业、生活困境,共享经济社会发展成果,维护社会稳定,构建社会主义和谐社会的就业促进思路。     

Output and employment in a macro model with discrete transaction costs

The paper develops a macro model for determining output and employment when discrete transaction costs exist for paying wages and for purchasing commodities. Household labor supply is a function of an effective real wage, which modifies the apparent real wage to take account of the length of the payment period and the costs associated with buying and holding commodities. Firm labor demand is derived in a model where there are lumpy payroll costs associated with making wage payments. The behavior of households and firms is brought together in a market-clearing framework to determine the values of the real wage, employment and output, as well as the time intervals between wage payments and purchases of commodities. The effects of changes in the transaction and holding cost parameters are then examined by comparative-static techniques. An increase in any of these cost parameters turns out to reduce output and the amount of labor employed in production, but also tends to raise the amount of labor absorbed by the process of transacting. The tendency of transaction labor to move in the opposite direction from production labor implies that the net effects on total work are ambiguous.     

Quantifying the employment effects of micro-electronics

The paper attempts to quantify some of the compensatory effects on employment which may offset the direct displacement effects of faster technological change. It is argued that technological change will not necessarily increase unemployment levels. There are a number of compensating effects which may reduce and even outweigh any initial displacement effects. The study uses simulation techniques with a detailed model of the UK economy. One conclusion is that, even if the UK does not innovate as fast as its major competitors, a more rapid rate of diffusion of new technology may result in higher employment than would otherwise be the case.     

Aggregate implications of indivisible labor, incomplete markets, and labor market frictions

We study the impact of tax and transfer programs on steady-state allocations in a model with search frictions, an operative labor supply margin, and incomplete markets. In a benchmark model that has indivisible labor and incomplete markets but no trading frictions we show that the aggregate effects of taxes are identical to those in the economy with employment lotteries, though individual employment and asset dynamics can be different. The effect of frictions on the response of aggregate hours to a permanent tax change is highly nonlinear. There is considerable scope for substitution between “voluntary” and “frictional” nonemployment in some situations.     

The future of employment supply and demand in social Europe

The assessment of employment prospects during the period up to 2020 needs to take into account the effects of the 2008/2009 downturn. We propose two scenarios that capture distinctive trajectories in order to elucidate some of the potential strategic demands for future employment policy. We forecast the average level of education of the working-age population will increase significantly during this decade and therefore the mismatch between the needs and supply of skills is likely to be significantly reduced. Furthermore, the inherent mobility of the working population will increase together with higher levels of education.     

子女照料、家庭负债与已婚女性就业——基于Becker家庭决策模型的微观实证

子女照料与家庭负债对已婚女性的就业选择具有重要影响。为此,在Becker家庭决策模型基础上,建立资产负债约束下已婚女性“子女照料—闲暇—就业”效用最大化决策模型,利用2016年CFPS数据分析发现：子女照料对已婚女性就业概率及周工作时间存在负向影响,且家庭的银行负债对子女照料与已婚女性就业的关系存在负向调节效应。因此,在鼓励女性生育的政策背景下,政府需要综合考虑子女照料负担与家庭负债约束,制定更加有效的已婚女性就业保障政策。     

互动式教学在双语课程中的应用——以国际金融学课程为例

互动教学是一种全面开放式的师生互动、生生互动的教学方法。它注重学生学习过程中的反馈,能够帮助教师及时了解学生对知识的掌握和理解程度,增加学生学习的积极性和课堂的参与度,明显有助于双语教学效果的提高。本文以"国际金融学"课程为例,探讨互动式教学在双语课程中的组织方法与实施技巧。     

提高出口退税能够“稳就业”和“稳外贸”吗?

近年来,全球贸易保护主义抬头加剧了各国之间的贸易摩擦。本文以中美贸易为例,探讨中国出口退税政策在稳就业、稳外贸以及应对贸易摩擦中的作用机制。首先基于1994-2020年季度数据发现:中国就业的波动较平稳;净出口则呈现高波动特征;中国就业和净出口呈现弱顺周期。这些周期特征与其他国家存在显著差异。其次构建了一个含有不完全金融市场和价格不完全传递的对称两国开放经济DSGE模型,数值模拟发现:在本国出口退税冲击和它国技术冲击下,模型能够较好地拟合中国就业和净出口的周期特征,其中财富效应和由贸易条件变化引起的支出转移效应是主要的内在传导机制。借助模型对中美贸易摩擦的反事实实验发现:中国单方面提高1%出口退税时,中国就业增长0.05%,净出口增长0.28%,呈现较强持续性,提高出口退税能够稳就业和稳外贸;当中国提高1%出口退税和美国提高1%进口关税时,中国就业增长0.03%,净出口增长0.16%,呈现较强持续性,勒纳中性不成立,此时出口退税在稳就业和稳外贸中的作用尽管有所削弱,但依然有效。     

国际贸易专业就业现状及培养模式的探析——以内蒙古财经学院为例

近年来,国际贸易专业趋冷,国际贸易专业学生就业形势令人堪忧。本文从学生就业趋困视角出发,结合地处中西部地区的内蒙古财经学院国际贸易专业教育教学中存在的问题,在对培养目标、课程设置等方面进行系统分析的基础上提出了"分级教学"的培养模式,以达到为社会培养应用型和研究型人才的目的,解决国际贸易专业学生就业面临的困境。     

技术引进、自主创新与就业——基于动态空间面板模型的实证研究

基于1995-2015年中国各省的面板数据,运用动态空间杜宾模型考察技术进步对就业的直接效应和空间溢出效应。结果显示：短期的技术引进促进了就业增长,但其对就业的溢出效应不显著;而长期的技术引进并不能持续地带来就业增加,反而会对就业造成破坏效应。自主创新对就业短期以破坏效应为主,但长期的自主创新促进了就业的增加,并且从经济距离权重下的就业效应来看,自主创新吸纳了相近经济水平区域的劳动力,空间溢出效应为负。现阶段我国自主创新的就业效应不受经济发展水平影响,但经济发展水平越高的地区,技术引进对就业的拉动作用越弱。     

Foreign direct investment and employment: host country experience

This study investigates the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) on employment creation and wages in Ghana. A simultaneous panel regression model is used in estimating the effect FDI has on employment and wages. The results of this study indicate that FDI has a statistically significant and positive effect on employment levels in Ghana, but has an insignificant effect on wages. FDI can greatly augment domestic efforts by creating more jobs in the economy. The results clearly demonstrate that FDI flows affect employment quantitatively, but not necessarily qualitatively. The study identifies other factors including, productivity, wages, sub-sector, and location as important in influencing employment levels. Also, productivity, labour union, firm size, sub-sector, and location are noted as significant in affecting wages in Ghana. The main value of this paper is in respect of the fact that it provides insight into the effects of FDI flow on employment from a host country perspective. The study recommends that FDI should be considered as an integral part of the Ghanaian economic policy in order to spur on economic growth.     

Distributional consequences of labor-demand shocks: the 2008–2009 recession in Germany

The distributional consequences of the recent economic crisis are still broadly unknown. While it is possible to speculate which groups are likely to be hardest-hit, detailed distributional studies are still largely backward-looking due to a lack of real-time microdata. This paper studies the distributional and fiscal implications of output changes in Germany 2008–2009, using data available prior to the economic downturn. We first estimate labor demand on 12 years of detailed, administrative matched employer-employee data. The distributional analysis is then conducted by transposing predicted employment effects of actual output shocks to household-level microdata. A scenario in which labor demand adjustments occur at the intensive margin (hour changes), close to the German experience, shows less severe effects on the income distribution compared to a situation where adjustments take place through massive layoffs. Adjustments at the intensive margin are also preferable from a fiscal point of view. In this context, we discuss the cushioning effect of the tax-benefit system and the conditions under which German-style work-sharing policies can be successful in other countries.     

内蒙古产业结构与就业的关联性分析

经济发展规律表明伴随着经济的发展、社会的进步,就业结构与产业结构二者之间存在着一定的关联性。就业结构与产业结构的协调发展是关系到经济能否持续稳定增长、以及经济增长能否促进就业的关键因素。本文从内蒙古三次产业就业结构与产业结构的发展趋势、内蒙古三次产业内部结构偏离系数、Granger因果检验计量模型等几个角度对内蒙古自治区产业结构调整与就业水平关联性进行了实证研究。     

内蒙古自治区青年群体就业压力研究

当前,青年就业问题已成为我国劳动力市场的重点和难点问题,本文分析了当前就业压力过大的成因,在研究内蒙古自治区青年群体就业的现状后,找出了影响就业的各种因素,建立了影响就业的指标体系,并运用逐步回归法从中提取主要的影响因素进行实证分析。另外从三大产业对就业的影响入手,从而寻求解决问题的突破口,提出相关的解决内蒙古青年就业的一些建议。     

从新斯旺模型看我国利率与汇率政策的组合

本文介绍了一个考虑了资本流动时竞争效应与平衡表效应的新斯旺模型。该模型从资产市场与产品市场的角度描述经济的内外部均衡,说明了如何通过利率与汇率政策来管理危机或经济失衡。通过分析我国的新斯旺模型,本研究发现具有竞争效应小于平衡表效应的特征。在当前我国面临内外部失衡的状况下,模型说明我国应采取利率上调与人民币升值的“双升”的政策组合。当然针对复杂的经济矛盾还需要配合其他政策。     

残疾人就业影响因素研究文献综述

近年来,国家对残疾人就业的重视程度越来越高,但是针对性的学术研究成果很少,研究影响残疾人就业的因素,是未来残疾人就业问题研究中不可或缺的部分。本文通过文献计量学方法对相关文献进行全面研究,分析了残疾人就业问题研究的现状,指出要运用多视角、按残分类的研究方法,并且不断地提升研究过程的科学性和实效性;其次运用内容分析法从定性研究的视角对学者观点进行归纳整理,掌握当前影响残疾人就业因素的主要研究方向及其成果;最后,简要评析目前研究影响残疾人就业因素研究过程中存在的不足并进一步提出研究展望,为后续研究影响残疾人就业的因素的学者提供有效的参考。     

提高高校毕业生就业竞争力的途径

随着高等教育由精英化向大众化进程的加快,每年高校的毕业生人数以几十万的速度增加,致使本科生就业问题突显。本文在分析就业形势的基础上,剖析大学生就业能力中存在的问题,寻找高校提高毕业生就业能力的工作途径。     

中国失业保险支出水平的测度模型与实证分析

中国失业保险制度应该保持合理的支出水平,衡量标准主要看其是否为失业者提供了适度的收入保障以及是否对就业起到积极的促进作用。本文建立了测量失业保险支出水平的数理模型,根据国外典型国家的经验数据大体确定了失业保险支出水平的适度界限,并对中国现实的失业保险支出水平及其影响因素进行了分析,最后提出了完善失业保险制度以及合理提高失业保险支出水平的政策建议。     

Health and Employment amongst Older Workers*

Health and employment are strongly correlated. This paper reviews the existing evidence and brings in new evidence on the following issues: (a) the measurement of health; (b) the impact of health on employment rather than just the association between health and employment; (c) the mechanisms by which health impacts employment; and (d) the likely effect of recent retirement and disability policy changes in the UK. Although the magnitude of the estimated effect of health on employment varies greatly from study to study, some of this variation is driven by the health measure used. Given our preferred measure, the evidence suggests that 5–10 per cent of the employment decline between ages 50 and 70 is due to declining health in England, with the largest effects among low-educated men. Most of the effect comes through declining preferences for work and lower productivity when in bad health, although some of the effect is from government-provided incentives to not work when in bad health, such as from disability benefits.