Top income shares in OECD countries: The role of government ideology and globalisation

This paper investigates how government ideology and globalisation are associated with top income shares in 17 OECD countries over the period 1970 to 2014. We use top income shares of the World Wealth and Income Database (WID ). Globalisation is measured by the KOF index of globalisation. Static and dynamic panel model results show that the top income shares increased more under right wing governments than under left wing governments. The ideology‐induced effect was stronger when globalisation proceeded more rapidly. Globalisation was positively correlated with income shares of the upper‐middle class (P99–P90), but negatively with income shares of the rich (top 1%) in the overall sample. We show that the relationship differs between Anglo‐Saxon countries and other OECD countries. Globalisation was more pro‐rich in Anglo‐Saxon countries than in other OECD countries. Government ideology does not turn out to have a statistically significant effect on top income shares in Anglo‐Saxon countries after the 1980s, whereas ideology‐induced differences in the distributional outcomes continued in other OECD countries.     

区域贸易协定新规则对中国出口贸易高质量发展的影响研究

作为最大发展中国家,中国在世界贸易中有着极大的优势和发展前景。但中国在世界贸易中起步较晚,且整体经济基础较为薄弱,因此,如何持续有效提升中国国际贸易水平是重中之重。以区域贸易协定新规则制定为切入点,以中国与东盟地区国家贸易数据为研究样本,研究了区域贸易协定新规则制定对中国出口贸易高质量发展的影响,并提出了相关对策建议。     

Do deeper regional trade agreements enhance international technology spillovers?

We examine whether regional trade agreements (RTAs) enhance international technology spillovers using a panel of patent citation data for 114 countries/regions for the period 1991–2007. We use patent citations as a proxy for technology spillovers. The focus of this study is on whether the depth of regional integration matters for technology spillovers among member countries/regions of RTAs. The depth of integration is measured by the extent to which an RTA includes legal obligations outside the current mandate of the World Trade Organization. We find that the depth of integration actually influences technology spillovers and that a deeper integration in a broad sense has a greater impact on technology spillovers than do technology‐related provisions.     

The African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) and export diversification

This paper explores the effect of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) on export diversification in Sub-Saharan Africa. The existing empirical studies suggest that AGOA has had a positive effect on the overall volume of trade between Sub-Saharan Africa and the United States. However, the economic development literature emphasizes the importance of export diversification for developing countries; therefore, it is important to understand the effects of AGOA on the extensive margin of trade (i.e. the number of distinct products a country exports). Our empirical results suggest that AGOA does contribute to export diversification, specifically through its apparel provision. Countries that are eligible for the AGOA apparel provision export not only more apparel products, but also more non-apparel products to the USA. Thus, AGOA contributes to export diversification at the extensive margin of trade with the USA.     

金融发展对农民收入增长的影响——来自中国面板数据的再检视

中国金融发展对农民收入增长的影响目前尚未形成定论。利用1978—2006年的省级面板数据,以银行贷款总额占同期GDP的比重作为衡量金融发展水平的指标,检验中国金融发展对农民收入增长的影响,结果显示金融发展对农民收入增长具有显著的正向影响,但金融中介的低效率阻碍了金融发展对农民收入促进作用的进一步提升。因此,要更好地发挥金融对农民收入增长的促进作用,形成从农业信贷资金到农业投资的高效转化的有效监控机制,就不能脱离其他一系列农村改革措施。     

技术创新、市场分割与收入不平等——基于中国省级面板数据的分析

基于1998—2017年中国省级面板数据,分析了省级层面收入不平等程度及其影响因素,重点研究了技术创新和市场分割对收入不平等的作用。研究结果显示,样本期内基尼系数总体水平较高,呈现出了先上升后下降的走势。地区收入差距与技术创新之间存在U型关系,当前“知识溢出”效应超过了“技能溢价”效应,创新水平的提高将有助于缩小地区收入差距;市场分割不仅会加剧地区收入不平等,还会通过阻碍技术创新间接弱化创新对收入差距的缓解作用。地区收入不平等与经济发展水平之间存在倒U型关系,贸易依存度、人均受教育年限和人均社会保障支出的提高有助于缩小地区收入差距,工业化率的提高则会加剧地区收入差距,财政支出对地区收入差距的作用不明显;动态面板模型的研究结果表明,地区收入差距具有惯性特征。最后,基于研究结论,给出了有针对性的政策建议。     

解析欧盟韩国自由贸易协定

2011年7月1日欧盟韩国自由贸易协定生效实施。该协定成为各自经济体与贸易伙伴签署的最大的自由贸易协定。该协定既是双边密切经济关系的需要,也是各自实施FTA战略的结果。欧盟韩国自由贸易协定是迄今为止在全球范围很全面的贸易自由化协定,开放深度和广度远远超过世界贸易组织。欧盟韩国自由贸易协定的出现推动了区域经济一体化的进程。韩国目前在中日韩三国各自实施FTA战略上占据了有利的地位。     

Trade openness,income levels,and economic growth: The case of developing countries, 1970–2009

This paper attempts to investigate the extent to which trade openness has had an impact on the levels of income and rates of growth in a sample of 115 developing countries for the period 1970–2009. Additionally, to assess whether there is an income level threshold for a country to benefit from international trade, the sample is broken down into three mutually exclusive groups of countries: low-income, lower middle-income, and upper middle-income countries. The main novelty of the paper lies on the use, on the one hand, of a new and better trade openness measure and, on the other hand, of non-stationary heterogeneous panel cointegration techniques to cope with the problem of cross-sectional dependence. The results show a positive bi-directional relationship between trade openness and income level in the long run, thus suggesting that trade openness is both a cause and a consequence of the level of income. The results for the short run, that is, the link between openness growth and economic growth, go in the same direction.     

对外贸易影响我国资本形成的效应与地区差异——基于系统广义矩估计的动态面板数据分析

文章依据我国30个省、自治区和直辖市(西藏除外)1985～2006年的数据,采用动态面板数据模型以及Blundell和Bond(1998)提出的系统广叉矩估计法,把对外贸易对我国总体以及东、中、西部地区资本形成的效应进行了实证分析.其结果显示当期和滞后1期的进出口贸易对我国总体及东、中、西部地区的当期资本形成有正或负效应,且这种正负效应在东、中、西部地区之间存在明显的地区差异.还分析了产生这一结果的原因并提出措施发挥对外贸易对我国资本形成的正效应,尽量缩小正效应在不同地区的差异.     

Paraguay and Mercosur: The Lesser of Two Evils?

ABSTRACT

This article examines Paraguay's experience with Mercosur in terms of its impact on economic growth, trade, investment, industrial competitiveness, and income distribution. Of particular interest is Mercosur's impact on the flourishing border trade taking place under the “regimen de turismo,” a special tax regime for consumer goods, especially electronics. The author concludes that while Mercosur has not brought all the benefits expected from membership in the customs union, being excluded from Mercosur might have been worse for the Paraguayan economy.     

贸易结构、分工经济与区域服务贸易自由化的福利效应

由于区域内经济体出口相似指数过高,在发展区域服务贸易自由化的过程中会出现竞争,不同区域成员贸易结构和专业化分工特点也影响区域服务贸易自由化的发展。文章以亚洲经济体区域服务贸易自由化发展为例,采用面板数据的因果关系模型,定量分析贸易结构、分工经济与区域服务贸易自由化的福利效应三者之间的关系。研究得出,无论是从长期还是短期来看,服务贸易的互补性和服务贸易的专业化分工都是服务贸易出口额增长的格兰杰原因。