中国内地与香港商品市场一体化测度研究——以北京、上海、广州、深圳为例

采用世界主要城市物价指针数据库中北京、上海、广州、深圳和香港一篮子商品零售价格数据测度了中国内地与香港商品市场的一体化程度。研究表明,中国内地与香港的商品价格差异在逐步缩小,市场呈现一体化趋势,而且CEPA的实施更加推动了两地商品市场一体化进程。随着CEPA的推进,中国内地与香港将从合作走向融合并最终实现市场的大一统。     

Education bias of trade liberalization and wage inequality in developing countries

The aim of this article is to examine the impact of increased trade on wage inequality in developing countries, and whether a higher human capital stock moderates this effect. We look at the skilled–unskilled wage differential. When better educated societies open up their economies, increased trade is likely to induce less inequality on impact because the supply of skills better matches demand. But greater international exposure also brings about technological diffusion, further raising skilled labour demand. This may raise wage inequality, in contrast to the initial egalitarian level effect of human capital. We attempt to measure these two opposing forces. We also employ a broad set of indicators to measure trade liberalization policies as well as general openness, which is an outcome, and not a policy variable. We further examine what type of education most reduces inequality. Our findings suggest that countries with a higher level of initial human capital do well on the inequality front, but human capital which accrues through the trade liberalization channel has inegalitarian effects. Our results also have implications for the speed at which trade policies are liberalized, the implication being that better educated nations should liberalize faster.     

Market integration and convergence to the Law of One Price: evidence from the European car market

This paper exploits the unique case of European market integration to investigate the relationship between integration and price convergence in international markets. Using a panel data set of car prices, we examine how the process of integration has affected cross-country price dispersion in Europe. We find surprisingly strong evidence of convergence towards both the absolute and the relative versions of the Law of One Price (LOOP). Our analysis illuminates the main sources of segmentation in international markets and suggests the type of institutional changes that can successfully reduce it.     

市场潜力、贸易自由化与地区工资差距

在新经济地理学的框架下,本文构建理论模型研究市场潜力和贸易自由化与地区工资差距的关系,根据中国1993－2012年的省际面板数据,采用工具变量二阶段最小二乘法实证检验市场潜力和贸易自由化对地区工资水平的影响效应。研究结果表明,市场潜力和贸易自由化对地区工资水平均有显著为正的影响作用,且二者还存在替代关系。进一步的分析发现,贸易自由化程度较高的沿海地区,其市场潜力对地区工资水平的影响较小,而在内陆地区则恰好相反。     

Does integration of services differ from integration of goods?

The theory of economic integration has been well developed over time but mainly with regard to goods. Conceptually integration for services needs to be differentiated from goods according to the characteristics of services and the nature of barriers to integration. The need for personal interaction between supplier and user gives rise to different ways in which services are traded from goods with suppliers and users crossing borders and a different balance between cross-border trade and permanent presence. Obstacles to trade take place behind rather than at the border. The European Union has been chosen as an example of integration for services both on the basis of past experience and because of its ability to remove obstacles for services using specific institutional powers. Existing levels of integration for goods and services are compared with those to be expected on the basis of theory. Market integration for manufactured goods is lower than previously estimated and services higher, although services remain considerably less integrated. Finally, explanations for differing levels of integration both compared to goods and those expected among different services are sought in terms of the barriers to cross-border trade and permanent presence in the form of regulation, market structures and cultural factors.     

The impact of agricultural and trade policies on price transmission: The case of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan

This paper examines the extent and speed of price transmission from international to local markets in two transition economies, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The two countries have similar economic backgrounds, but a notable difference is that Tajikistan has adopted a more liberal agricultural trade regime than Uzbekistan. We use a vector error correction model to analyse how global agricultural prices are transmitted to domestic food prices in the two countries. We find strong cointegration between world market and domestic prices in Tajikistan for food crops but not meat, and no cointegration in Uzbekistan.     

Yen or Yuan? The law of one price and economic integration in Asia

Using highly comparable local retail prices of 146 goods and services across 18 Asian countries over 1990–2014, we analyse price dispersion and test convergence to the law of one price (LOP ) for these prices around three price benchmarks—Asia‐average, Japan and China prices—to gain insight about market integration in overall Asia as well relative integration of Asian economies to Japan and China. Cross‐Asia price dispersion around China‐price benchmark, for both tradables and non‐tradables, diminishes significantly over the sample period whereas that around Japan‐price benchmark increases considerably, particularly after the 2008 crisis. There is convergence to the LOP for about half of goods and services in China‐ and Asia‐average price benchmarks. The percentage of convergent prices is significantly smaller in Japan‐price benchmark. Direct estimates of the convergence speed parameter also confirm these observations. Overall, our results show evidence of increasing economic integration in Asia in the last two decades. The process of price convergence appears to be driven by the emergence of China as the centre of economic gravity in the region. There is much room for improvement as economic integration in Asia is still far below that in Europe in the 1990s or USA in the 1980s.     

OFDI与劳动价格扭曲:机理与实证

OFDI对于母国与东道国的影响是广泛的,本文将研究进一步深入到其对母国劳动价格扭曲影响的层面,分析其作用机理,并进行测算与检验。研究表明:(1)OFDI加剧了我国劳动价格向下扭曲的程度并有显著的趋势性,且与地区经济发展水平负相关。(2)OFDI促进了技术、劳动效率、工资的全面提升,但其中出现了结构性不协调。一是劳动价格增长与劳动边际产出增长出现明显背离,二是高人力资本价格与一般人力资本价格明显背离。基于上述情况,应该肯定OFDI对经济发展积极作用,同时关注劳动工资制度与机制调整,实现利益的协调分配。     

劳动禀赋结构和技术效应结构——贸易与工资差距研究范式新探

在回顾文献基础上,本文梳理出贸易影响工资差距的机制,认为在劳动供给结构不变的前提下,工资差距决定于劳动需求结构变动,而劳动禀赋结构和技术效应结构是研究两者关系的重要范式.劳动禀赋结构模型是在两国生产两种产品且技术水平相同的框架下,贸易品由于劳动禀赋结构不同,导致单位成本产出水平变动,进而影响劳动需求结构和工资差距;而技术效应结构模型则是在两国生产一种产品且技术水平不同的框架下,贸易品由于技术效应结构不同,导致相对工资和劳动需求关系曲线变动,进而影响劳动需求结构和工资差距,而且直接效应和间接效应的传导机制有很大差别.     

我国轴承产品贸易逆差诱发因素的实证分析

改革开放以来,我国轴承产品进出口贸易快速发展,但2006年轴承产品贸易开始出现了逆差.文章分析了2002～2007年我国轴承产品进出口贸易增长特点,并运用恒定市场份额模型从需求效应、商品构成效应和竞争力效应三个方面讨论了我国轴承产品进口波动的成因.实证结果表明,需求效应是影响进口逆差的主要因素,商品构成效应起次要作用,而竞争力不足阻碍了出口,进一步扩大了逆差.对提高我国轴承产品的国际竞争力提出了建议.     

中国制造业企业间工资趋同的经验研究

本文利用1998-2007年中国工业企业数据,对制造业企业间人均工资的趋同速度及其影响因素进行实证研究。通过估计中国制造业企业间人均工资的收敛速度,发现近年来企业间工资存在绝对收敛,且趋同的速度较快,这一结论在不同行业、地区和所有制下都成立;企业规模、所有制、垄断程度等企业和行业特征对企业间工资趋同速度有显著影响。     

贸易自由化对工资差距的影响及作用机制--基于中国制造业企业的实证研究

本文利用世界银行的中国企业调查数据分析贸易自由化对工资差距的影响,结果表明贸易自由化显著提升企业内工资差距。企业进口投入品的行为使其内部普通员工的最高与最低工资之比提高约50％,总经理与中层经理的工资比提高约30％,中层经理与普通员工的工资比提高约12％－20％。进一步分析表明,自由贸易使企业对高技能劳动力的需求更大,更倾向于采用绩效工资、进行研发投资、提供员工培训和使用计算机,这些因素均导致工资差距的上升。     

Why price‐level dispersion went up in Europe after the financial crisis

Persistent price differences across euro area countries are an indication of incomplete economic integration. We analyse long‐ and short‐run developments of price‐level dispersion in the euro area and compare the results with price dispersion across US cities. We find that monetary and economic integration in Europe has been successful in establishing a major downward trend in price‐level differences across countries since 1960. After the Global Financial Crisis and the European Sovereign Debt Crisis, diverging economic conditions across euro area countries led to higher income dispersion, which contributed to a widening of price‐level differences again.     

Is Africa integrating? Evidence from product markets

This paper presents a price-based assessment of product market integration in Africa using disaggregated retail prices for 91 products and 12 African cities from 1991 to 2008. We find evidence of substantial deviations from the law of one price ? product price differences between the cities averaged 76% over the period – a result that is consistent with the presence of large barriers to trade in the continent. Mean price differences across cities fell by close to a quarter over the period, but the decline was concentrated in the early 1990s with little progress subsequently, despite the regional trade policies implemented by the countries. Gravity-style estimates reveal that reductions in external tariffs and global trends towards price convergence in the early 1990s are the key contributors to the trend in price integration amongst the African cities.     

加工贸易在我国经济发展中的前景分析

随着改革开放的不断深入,我国加工贸易不断发展壮大,目前已涉及到我国绝大部分产业,在拉动国民经济健康发展、推动国内配套产业发展、促进国内产业结构调整和技术进步、利用内外资方面发挥了积极作用。但加工贸易在发展的同时,也存在着一些问题,造成我国外贸依存度过高,冲击国内相关原料工业的发展,加剧国际间贸易摩擦,走私问题比较普遍等。文章提出,我国加工贸易升级要抓住国际产业转移的机遇,处理好与产业结构调整、区域协调发展和引资量质并举的关系,突破传统监管观念,重视社会责任,提高加工增值含量,并发挥政府管理部门的管理效能。