国外农业保险法的启示与借鉴

我国是正在转入市场经济的发展中的农业大国，同时也是自然灾害多发国家。其中，农业损失占了相当比重。为保护农民的生产积极性、提高农民生活水平、巩固农村改革成果，地方政府和广大农民对发展农业保险要求十分迫切。而农业保险作为一种农业发展和保护制度，对相关法律的依赖程度是相当强的。因此，我们有必要在对国外农业保险法律进行借鉴的基础上，结合我国已有的尝试经验与国情，大力加速构建我国农业保险立法的进程。     

Creating Abundance: Biological Innovation and American Agricultural Development—An appreciation and research agenda

In their new book, Creating Abundance: Biological Innovation and American Agricultural Development (Cambridge, 2008), Olmstead and Rhode offer a radically new interpretation of American agricultural development from the late 18th to early 20th century. While earlier scholars have ascribed a central role to mechanization, Olmstead and Rhode argue that dramatic biological gains were made by an army of improving farmers responding to the challenges of insect pests, biological pathogens, new soils and movement into new climatic zones. These gains remained largely hidden because of the way most statistics have been presented and discussed. By teasing out these advances from the historical record, Olmstead and Rhode not only challenge interpretations about the nature of agricultural development in the United States but also open up a whole new research agenda that promises to revitalize the field of agricultural history here and elsewhere.     

Producer cooperative resettlement projects in Zimbabwe: Lessons from a failed agricultural development strategy

Zimbabwe epitomizes the contradictions driving the failure of state-directed agricultural development policies. In its second decade of independence, the government takes the credit for the country's agricultural and rural development success. Zimbabwe's “Green Revolution” record in Africa is enviable. Yet, this peasantry-led success story is problematic. It hides serious policy flaws in development strategy, namely, lack of performance and waste characterizing the Model B producer cooperative resettlement projects. Individually and collectively, the cooperatives, the government's preferred mode of production, are a complete failure. Lessons for development programs elsewhere, and in emergent South Africa, in particular are clear. The political economy of government assistance is not sufficient to produce agricultural surpluses and sustainable development. The social economy of cooperation in production organization by Africa's traditional farmers also does not, necessarily, translate into modern cooperatives, as Zimbabwe's policy makers assumed. Producer cooperatives are unproductive because of the prevailing organizational culture which enables leading members to seek individual self-interest and private gain, making it hard for the rank and file to cooperate and work for the common good.     

Recollections of An Itinerant Career

Of the many foreign social scientists who have carried out fieldwork in Indonesia since the second world war, few have gone on to reach the eminence of Professor Clifford Geertz. His books, written largely on the basis of his work in Java and Bali in the 1950s, have become classics. They have inspired a vast amount of debate and subsequent research on issues as diverse as the anthropology of religion and the economics of agricultural development, both in Indonesia and in other parts of the developing world. In 1986 Professor Geertz spent six months revisiting his original fieldwork site in Pare, East Java. During a visit to Canberra in late 1987, he gave the following interview to Anne Booth and Jamie Mackie. The interview began with a question on how the original decision came to be made for a group of Harvard graduate students to mount a team study of Pare in 1952.     

杨凌示范区区域特色产业发展的问题、思路与对策

杨凌农业高新产业技术示范区是我国唯一的国家级农业高新开发区,示范区成立以来,在省委、省政府的正确领导下,在做好基础设施建设的同时,紧紧围绕农业高新技术产业化,积极创造条件,促进产学研紧密结合,为资本与知识的对接、科技和经济的融合搭建稳固的支撑平台,全方位、多渠道开展招商引资工作,使示范区农业高新技术产业从少到多、从小到大,取得较快的发展,基本形成了独具示范区特色的产业格局。本文通过分析当前示范区特色产业发展的现状,进而提出示范区特色产业发展的总体思路以及相关的对策与建议。     

Integrative cooperation between agricultural market entities as the foundation for the stable functioning of enterprises in the dairy industry

The development of measures and means to ensure the stable work of agricultural and processing enterprises is exemplified by the clusterization of the dairy branch of the agricultural sector in Perm krai. The potential solution to the stated problem comes to applying the basic principles of clusterization that encourage the stable work of agricultural businesses for controlling the activities of agricultural market entities.     

当前休闲农业发展态势及其创新对策

近年来,传统的旅游观念正在发生变化,外出休闲的热情也蓬勃高涨,"农家乐"已经越来越火爆,但与此同时,休闲农业旅游发展的各种障碍因素在很大程度上仍制约着衡阳旅游的发展。发展休闲农业是实现农业现代化,促进农民持续增收的首要任务。那么,在实践中如何大力发展现代农业?文章结合休闲观光农业发展的态势,从五个方面提出了具体思路和对策。     

Food Security and Agricultural Changes in the Course of China＇s Urbanization

China's small farmers face increasing challenges because of land and water resource constraints and the effects of climate change. With the strengthened agricultural stimulus policies, poverty reduction and social protection programs, as well as the expanding international food trade, up to now China has achieved food security through small farm agriculture. During intensive economic restructuring, smallholders still coexist with large‐sized farms and industrialized agricultural businesses, but are in a vulnerable position in market transactions. Oriented to 2050, China's agricultural development and food security policies should work to improve domestic market structure, to further release international trade control and to empower smallholders.     

Revisiting Sweden’s response to the Great Depression of the 1930s: economic policy in a regional context

This intra-Scandinavian comparison provides a corrective to existing comparative literature on Sweden's response to the Great Depression at three levels: policy conception, case selection and mode of explanation. The paper's holistic view of economic policy shows that the Swedish response was not just about fiscal policy. A broadly defined Swedish response becomes even less distinctive when compared with its Danish and Norwegian counterparts. The paper makes three points to explain the intra-Scandinavian variation (convergence and divergence). First, the regional-metropolitan context matters. Facing similar international challenges, the three small states developed a defensive reflex by striking domestic compromises, abandoning the gold standard, devaluing their currencies and effecting monetary expansion. Second, the political-economic development experience matters. On one hand, proportional representation entrenched Scandinavian farmers as a critical political force, thus ensuring agricultural protectionism across the region. On the other hand, the cross-national divergence in industrialisation largely shaped industrial policy: Sweden’s relative trade and domestic liberalism sharply contrasted with Denmark’s exchange controls and Norway’s import substitution. Third, ideology matters. Whereas the Danish Social Democrats’ traditional liberalism and their Norwegian counterparts’ radicalism buttressed fiscal orthodoxy, the Swedish Social Democrats’ ideational and programmatic renewal paved the way for the fiscal experiment of the crisis years.     

新时期我国农村的经济现状与问题——以朝阳坡镇岭上村为例

"三农"问题成为社会关注的热点,也成为党和政府工作的重中之重。为更深入具体地了解新时期我国农村的经济现状与问题,通过在吉林省公主岭市朝阳坡镇岭上村的驻点调研发现:村民生活水平和文化素质逐步提高、全村以种植玉米为主和单产水平逐年提高、农业社会化服务较为完善,同时也存在人口老龄化、青壮劳动力流失、公共财政资金短缺、村集体负债严重、农业社会化服务仍不能全面满足村民需求等问题。因此,政府部门应该加以重视,通过深化新型农村养老保险制度、吸引青壮年劳动力回村创业、拓宽农村集体资金的筹资渠道、积极化解农村债务、进一步完善农业社会化服务体系等措施来解决岭上村的发展难题。     

Constraints in Access to and Demand for Rural Credit: Evidence from Uganda

Abstract: Like in most developing countries, Uganda's financial sector is largely underdeveloped and concentrated in urban areas, leaving the majority of the agricultural producers in the rural population with no access. However, agriculture forms a significant part of the lives of the rural households, who constitute about 85 per cent of the population. This study uses the Uganda household surveys conducted in 1992/93 and 1999/2000 to shed some light on access to, and the characteristics of demand for credit among the rural population. We employ the probit, tobit and multinomial logit model estimations and we analyse demand for credit and find that Uganda's credit market is highly segmented. The rural peasant producers are largely served by relatives/friends and self‐help credit associations and their loan applications are less likely to succeed, and of those that do, smaller loans are granted. The educated and the young are more likely to demand credit while women are less likely to, and to apply for smaller loans. Therefore, while government's agricultural modernization policy considers credit as an important input to its success and as the government plans to roll out the ‘wealth‐for‐all’ programme, more needs to be done to get credit to the sector and to ensure that it can be usefully utilized. Programmes to promote skills and vocational training to enhance production and training in appropriate use of credit are also needed.     

我国农业现代化评价指标体系研究评述

发展现代农业,实现农业现代化,首先要对农业现代化的现状、薄弱环节和进展有清醒的认识,而评价实现农业现代化的现状和发展水平,建立科学的评价指标体系是重要的基础。文章将国内现有的农业现代化评价指标体系划分为三大类,第一类是带有宏观指导性质的指标体系,第二类是各地方政府根据当地实际情况所制定的指导当地农业现代化建设的指标体系,第三类是国内的专家、学者依据自己对农业现代化的理解所提出的指标体系,并指出现有评价指标体系存在体系不够完善、可比性较差、操作性差等不足之处。     

在中国式现代化新征程中建设农业强国——从产品生产到社会福利的发展模式转换

加快建设农业强国，是实现中国式现代化的重要基础。推进农业农村现代化，能够服务、丰富和创新中国式现代化。新古典经济学框架下的农业发展理论，其核心线索是谋求农业农村的要素贡献与食物供给，强调农业改造、生产发展以及要素的配置效率，但普遍忽视了由农耕文明、村落文化所承载的人文福利，忽视了人与自然和谐共生、农业农村可持续发展及其相关联的生态福利。中国巨大的人口规模、严酷的人地关系、优良的农耕文化与丰富的生态资源决定了中国式“农业强国”的目标，必须是安全最大化基础上的福利最大化。因此，中国式“农业强国”需以物为中心转向以人为中心，从产品生产过渡到社会福利，在物质文明、精神文明和生态文明的协调中，在人与自然的和谐共生中，追求全体人民共同富裕与社会福利的最大化。     

我国农业机械化演进轨迹与或然走向

基于诱致性技术变迁的视角,运用1990～2009年时间序列数据分析农村居民的工资性收入对农户采用农业机械决策的影响。结果表明,工资性收入对农户采用农业机械的决策具有显著效应,工资性收入增加,农业机械采用水平也会增加。20世纪90年代以来我国农业机械使用水平的大幅上升主要是因为农业劳动力相对稀缺导致的,因此要改变优先发展农业生物化学技术的观点,而应注重农业机械技术与生物化学技术并重发展。     

ASIAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES: CHINA AND INDONESIA COMPARED

China's and Indonesia's development strategies have been compared with others, but rarely with each other. Radically different political contexts have produced both similar and distinctly different development patterns. Each using formal planning, Indonesia spurred radical reforms to promote growth, whereas China opted for incremental reforms to ‘grow out of the Plan’, as a political device and to discover what policies and institutions worked. Both strategies produced environments largely conducive to rapid development. Indonesia relied on a few economic technocrats to oversee development; China used decentralisation and party reforms to create a credible environment for non-state investment. Both shared concern for agricultural reform and food security; both opted to open up for trade—China gradually, Indonesia radically. Both did well in growth and poverty reduction following reform. China's growth performance is in a league of its own, especially since Indonesia's Asian crisis setback, but Indonesia had more equitable growth and survived a difficult political transition with, in hindsight, modest costs.     

我国政策性农业保险发展及其路径研究

我国农业灾害损失相当严重,农业保险是有效分散农业风险促进农业和农村经济发展的重要手段,立足于我国实际国情,选择合适的农业保险发展模式十分重要。本文在分析了我国现阶段政策性农业保险运行模式和现状的基础上,指出构建政府主导型农业保险发展模式是我国发展农业保险的必然选择,并对其实施提出了相关的对策及建议。     

Children’s Work and Mothers’ Work––What is the Connection?

This paper examines the relationship between the employment of children and their mothers, with the aim of informing discussion on efforts to reduce child labor in Brazil. The analysis builds on the largely separate literatures on children’s time use and mothers’ work in two ways—by examining characteristics of employment which are often not available in survey data, and by modeling both children’s work and mothers’ employment. The results suggest that the relationship between children’s and mothers’ work is complex, with substantial evidence of positive correlation. The findings are consistent with the argument that anti-poverty programs that target women’s employment could result in increased child labor. This possibility warrants further analysis in order to better inform policy regarding child labor.     

The economic development approach to legal reform for rural women: A methodological alternative

Legislative efforts to promote rural women's economic productivity have focused on strategies for improving access to and control over agricultural resources. Women make up 50 per cent of the world's farmers, but in many developing countries they are unable to hold or manage productive resources in their own name. Most legal proposals recommend family law reform as the entry point for change. This article argues for a broader approach. All the laws that affect rural economic development should be evaluated and linked in ways that promote rural women's integration into the economic mainstream. In agriculture the‐most important legislation is natural resource management, local government development and agricultural development and agricultural investment laws, including research, intellectual property protection, cooperatives, banking and marketing. Each law should be assessed from the perspective of four generic development attributes: how it contributes to women's representation in policymaking; what economic benefits it provides; whether it facilitates the evolution of organisational structures to help women attract capital; and whether there are clear systems for enforcing rights and therefore minimising risk. Next, the process is reversed to determine how the laws collectively support each of the four areas. This methodology allows the researcher to tease out and rearrange essential elements of a comprehensive enabling environment that provide a sufficient level of institutional support in all four areas across the entire spectrum of agricultural development.     

新冠肺炎疫情对我国农业发展的影响与应对举措

新冠肺炎疫情的爆发对粮食种植业、畜牧养殖业、种业、休闲农业、农产品加工业、蔬菜业、水果业、花卉业等产业发展,都会带来一定的负面影响。为减少新冠肺炎疫情的负面影响,推动农业健康发展,应保障粮食和重要农产品供给,抓好春耕春播工作,保障乡村道路运输通畅,在南方地区推广稻田综合种养模式,发展生态高值农业和"康养业+富硒+农业",尽快推进饲料企业和屠宰加工企业复工复产,加大对农业产业的金融支持力度,降低农业经营成本,鼓励发展以村为单位的农业社会化服务组织,大力培育农产品销售新业态,建立政府、企业和市场互动的农业灾害救助体系。     

盐城市农产品加工龙头企业发展存在的问题及对策

农业产业化是有效解决“三农”问题,提高整个区域经济水平的重要内容。对于处于农业产业化起始阶段的盐城市而言,当前最迫切的是要大力发展农产品加工龙头企业,并以此带动和推进农业产业化发展。文章分析了盐城市农产品加工龙头企业发展存在的突出问题及其根源,并从五个驱动上提出了加快发展的对策。