挪威的极地研究

挪威与极地 挪威是世界上唯一在南,北两极都有地盘的国家。挪威在极地的探险、海洋捕鱼、科学活动以及测绘等方面均有悠久历史。 挪威本土位于北纬58—71度,北极圈拦腰穿过。挪威的地理和亚北极的位置为其在极地区的活动提供了天然的便利条件。这是挪在该地区从事科学研究、技术开发以及工业活动的     

挪威政府对高技术计划的管理

挪威政府对高技术的发展较为重视,近年来制定了以下几个优先发展的领域: 1.信息技术; 2.生物技术; 3.新材料技术; 4.海洋和水产养殖技术; 5.海上油气开发技术。挪威是一个仅有400万人口的小国,经济的发展建立在自由竞争和市场经济为主导的基础上,在高技术的发展和管理方面也带有上述特     

挪威对外援助政策及管理机制北大核心CSSCISSCI

一、挪威对外援助战略及政策 挪威参与对外援助的的历史超过50年。挪威认为发展援助的目的是使人的寿命更长、生活质量更高、更好地参与社会活动和决策制定,而不仅仅是经济增长。围绕这一理念挪威制定了相应的发展援助的战略和政策。     

挪威环境保护优先领域及政府措施

环境在挪威得到了政府和民众足够重视。广泛的民众环保参与意识、政府积极的环境保护政策和高起点的环境标准是挪威的环境保护走在世界前列的重要保证。 1999年底，挪威环境部首次向国会起草了挪威环境政策及状况白皮书，阐述了挪威环境状况发展趋势和政府环境政策的要点及奋斗目标，对环境状况与趋势、环境压力和重要社会经济趋势内在联系进行了分析。为实现国家环境政策目标，挪威提出了环境政策的优先领域。 　　挪威的环境保护优先领域集中在生物多样性保护、户外休闲、文化遗产、富营养化和石油污染、有害物、废弃物与再利用、气候变化…     

挪威对外援助政策及管理机制

一、挪威对外援助战略及政策挪威参与对外援助的的历史超过50年。挪威认为发展援助的目的是使人的寿命更长、生活质量更高、更好地参与社会活动和决策制定,而不仅仅是经济增长。     

中挪自由贸易区谈判启动

9月18日，中国与挪威自贸区启动仪式暨第一轮谈判在挪威奥斯陆启动。中国商务部部长助理仇鸿与挪威贸工大臣布吕斯塔及挪威政府、企业和工商界代表共同出席了活动。     

挪威可持续发展战略概况

挪威对发展过程中环境和资源等问题的注意比较早,环境和资源管理状况比多数工业化国家好,同时积极促进国际合作并为之做出贡献,21世纪议程中的许多工作已经变成各部门正常工作的一部分。挪威在1997年前不准备编制国家21世纪议程,只继续并协调已经在进行中的工作。挪威仍履行定期向可持续发展委员会(UNCSD)提交国家报告的义务,并制订气候变化公约和生物多样性公约的国家行动计划(在编制之中)。 挪威是世界最富有和环境保护最好的国家之一。1992年联合国对160个国家就寿命、经济、教育和资源利用等综合指标进行的一次调查评比表明,挪威是欧洲生活条件最好的国家。挪威现行的环境标准中,有许多高于国际商定的标准。     

挪威环境状况与对策

环境状况 挪威作为一个小国,对全球空气污染所应负的责任小。以CO_2排放量为例,1988年挪威仅占世界总量的0.1％。而在世界温室气体排放总量中,挪威所占份额少于0.1％,略超过该国人口数量所占比例;但是,按人均计算,远低于OECD平均数量。 挪威的主要污染源是SO_X和ON_X。这些污染物在挪威大面积地区造成的损害是严重的。     

挪威政府调整科研政策

挪威是一个只有450万人口的北欧小国，是当前世界上最富裕的国家之一。国家没有任何外债，货币相对稳定，政府财政预算年年有余，通货膨胀率2.6％，失业率3.5％，利率5％左右，各项经济指标均处于世界优势地位。挪威今天的富裕，主要靠的是丰富的海上石油、渔业、水力水电、森林等自然资源。对这些自然资源的长期开发和利用，不仅使挪威积累了大量的财富，还使挪威在若干相关领域拥有国际领先的技术实力。对于挪威这样的小国家来说，对外贸易是确保国家经济发展和人民生活富裕的另一项重要保证。挪威的产品和服务50％向国外出口，同时全国的…     

挪威高新技术企业的成功经验

一由于挪威政府及挪威科学和工业技术研究理事会对发展高技术的重视,在发展高技术过程中同工业界密切合作,从政策、规划和资金分配上加以引导,使得挪威近年来发展起一批高新技术中小企业。这些高新技术企业在变革挪威的传统工业,加强现有工业基础和工业结构调整方面正起着积极的作用。     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

Toward a Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Organizational Life

Synopsis Classification is an important activity that facilitates theory development in many academic disciplines. Scholars in fields such as organizational science, management science and economics and have long recognized that classification offers an approach for ordering and understanding the diversity of organizational taxa (groups of one or more similar organizational entities). However, even the most prominent organizational classifications have limited utility, as they tend to be shaped by a specific research bias, inadequate units of analysis and a standard neoclassical economic view that does not naturally accommodate the disequilibrium dynamics of modern competition. The result is a relatively large number of individual and unconnected organizational classifications, which tend to ignore the processes of change responsible for organizational diversity. Collectively they fail to provide any sort of universal system for ordering, compiling and presenting knowledge on organizational diversity. This paper has two purposes. First, it reviews the general status of the major theoretical approaches to biological and organizational classification and compares the methods and resulting classifications derived from each approach. Definitions of key terms and a discussion on the three principal schools of biological classification (evolutionary systematics, phenetics and cladistics) are included in this review. Second, this paper aims to encourage critical thinking and debate about the use of the cladistic classification approach for inferring and representing the historical relationships underpinning organizational diversity. This involves examining the feasibility of applying the logic of common ancestry to populations of organizations. Consequently, this paper is exploratory and preparatory in style, with illustrations and assertions concerning the study and classification of organizational diversity.     

Information infrastructure: Who builds broadband networks?

This paper examines the essential difference between the U.S. and Japan, when one considers information infrastructure. There are seven perception gaps between the U.S. and Japan concerning Information Infrastructure policies. These gaps must be understood in order to compare the countries' governmental policies in this area. In looking at the present circumstances, the essential question to answer concerns who is to build, own and operate the network(s) of the infrastructure. Liberalization is certain to be a central factor in the ongoing telecommunications debates. Now that customers have had a taste of the liberalized market-place, the movement toward more open markets will be difficult to stop. When considering options, it is necessary to pay close attention to standardized network access and the increasingly important role software plays. These issues are causing us to take a new approach to the traditional role played by regulators. They also force a closer look at the appropriate structure of utility companies. This paper addresses the above issues in hopes of stimulating dialog on the new telecommunications infrastructure paradigm.     

海岛地区产业演替及资源基础分析--以舟山群岛为例

改革开放以来,舟山市产业构成发生了显著变化,其经济发展过程可以划分为三个阶段。1992年前,是以产业结构渔业占绝对地位的单一结构阶段;1993—1998年,以旅游业为主的第三产业快速发展阶段;上世纪末以来,又进入了新一轮的经济发展时期,即工业产值比重快速增加阶段。根据海岛的自然资源基础和特点,在新世纪的经济发展过程中,舟山市应定位为生态型的港口旅游城市。以港口及临港工业为主导,以海岛旅游和海洋经济为特色,大力发展第二产业和第三产业。海岛地区的主导产业应体现海岛资源优势及区位优势,以集群性环保型产业为主。同时由于海岛地区淡水资源缺乏,主导产业也应着重选择低耗水型产业。     

风险视角下企业治理结构和研发创新——基于委托代理模型的研究

本文基于委托代理模型,从风险的视角研究企业治理结构对研发创新能力的影响。本文构建了一个包含创新活动的委托代理模型进行理论分析,利用动态DEA 模型测算创新能力,并使用2015-2018年我国上市制造业企业数据进行实证检验。实证部分检验了理论结论:委托代理问题不利于企业提升研发创新能力,且客观风险和主观风险厌恶会加剧该负面影响。基于此,本文认为上市企业应根据企业自身研发活动特点有针对性地改善企业治理结构,提出了适当延长代理人任期、推动股权激励计划、提升代理人的风险承担能力等建议。     

生物群落结构原型的仿生学模拟

模拟生命系统管理规律的科学即管理仿生学,是知识时代仿生学研究的新领域与前沿.基于模拟生物群落结构规律的研究目的,采用仿生学模拟的研究方法,以生物群落结构为原型,建立了仿生群落结构模型.结论为:垂直结构、水平结构、时间结构与交错区结构是支持生物群落生命活动的结构规律,以该规律为原型,推理建立了仿生分层结构、仿生优化结构、仿生动态结构与仿生相邻结构,四种仿生结构分别侧重于管理资源的分层管理、局部优化管理、动态过程管理、相邻关系管理,该模型为建立类似生物群落的人造管理系统即仿生群落管理系统提供了仿生结构模型.可以预测,该模型具有广泛的应用价值,能够推动管理仿生学的发展.