成本收益视角下中国设施蔬菜生产效率研究以黄瓜、番茄栽培为例

目的 文章以番茄与黄瓜为例,以设施、露地蔬菜栽培宏微观数据为支撑,以纬度和降雨为划分区域依据,从成本收益及效率评价视角出发,回答中国设施农业发展方向的问题。方法 运用比较分析以及SFA-Malmquist方法,测算与拆解全要素生产率指标。结果 （1）从中国设施现状来看：中国设施蔬菜具“高产量、高收益、高价格”的“三高”优势和“收益率优势不显著、劳动生产率低”的“双重”劣势;中国设施蔬菜产业仍属“劳动密集型”产业;设施蔬菜经济投入相对较高,影响设施蔬菜的竞争力水平。（2）从设施栽培全要素生产率来看：中国设施农业全要素生产率稳定增长,但生产效率徘徊不前,栽培品种间、区域间全要素生产率增长的主要驱动因素不同。（3）对比设施和露地效率：全要素生产率的变动基本一致;生产效率表现为“设施>露地”,露地栽培种间效率差异大;技术进步增长表现为“设施<露地”,区域特征显著。结论 中国设施蔬菜全要素生产率稳定递增,属于“技术进步诱导+技术效率推动”的增长模式。     

武汉市农业多功能分类量化评价及驱动力分析

目的 通过探索武汉市农业多功能性价值,并结合乡村振兴战略实施的阶段性规划,综合评价其农业多功能拓展的现状及其多元价值的实现路径。方法 文章通过构建多维度评价体系,运用熵值法计算系统发展指数,从经济功能、社会功能、生态功能和休闲旅游4个维度进行综合定量评价。结果 武汉市农业多功能拓展系统综合发展指数在2010—2017年处于不断上升的状态,表明武汉市农业多功能系统的整体效益在逐步提高,产业融合程度在不断加深,其中,经济功能对武汉市农业多功能系统贡献是最大,其次为社会功能和休闲旅游功能,而生态服务功能相对较弱。结论 武汉市通过发挥农业区域比较优势,以实现农业农村经济发展和农民增收为目标,有力促进农业现代化发展;武汉市农业经济功能、社会功能、生态服务功能、休闲旅游功能整体处于相互协调的良性发展阶段,但应通过延伸农业产业链来促使其系统的可持续发展;从空间特征来看,武汉市不同区域农业的主导功能存在差异,各区因地制宜的农业多功能发展促进了武汉市农业多功能系统的协调发展;武汉市围绕农业现代化的基本目标,加快城乡统筹发展,从功能定位来看,各区在结合自身经济社会发展水平及资源禀赋条件基础上发展多功能农业,体现出完善的农业功能布局。     

DOES TECHNICAL PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURE ALLEVIATE POVERTY? A PHILIPPINE CASE STUDY*

We examine the impact of technical progress in agriculture on changes in measured poverty and aggregate welfare in a developing country. Using a small general equilibrium model, we show how the economic components of an observed change in poverty can be isolated to expose the significance of intersectoral linkages and the economic roles of changes in relative commodity and factor prices. Variation in the measured rate and distribution of poverty alleviation depends somewhat on the choice of poverty measure, but more substantively on structural assumptions and the effects of policy interventions in agricultural markets.     

The economic role of Russia's subsistence agriculture in the transition process

In this article, we analyze the role of subsistence‐oriented agriculture in Russia in the 1990s. We start out by discussing the diverging economic effects of the growth of subsistence agriculture in Russia since the transition process started. The quantitative analysis of this sector's role is carried out by means of an applied computable general equilibrium (CGE) model applying a 1994 social accounting matrix (SAM) as base year data. The novelty of the article is to disaggregate primary agricultural production not by products but by farm types, which enables us to distinguish their institutional and economic characteristics. The model also explicitly differentiates between marketed and subsistence consumption or formal and informal marketing activities of agricultural producers. We simulate two ex post and two ex ante experiments. The results of the first backward‐looking experiment highlight that Russia's subsistence agriculture was an important buffer against further agricultural output declines during transition and, hence, against food insecurity. A simulation, which looks into the effects of a devaluation of the Russian ruble, shows that the financial crisis should have increased the relative competitiveness particularly of large‐scale crop farms versus small‐scale farms. Two forward‐looking experiments indicate that efficiency enhancing institutional change would benefit both large‐scale and small‐scale farms. However, within small‐scale agriculture, a shift from subsistence to commercial agriculture would take place.     

A review of the economic impact of malaria in agricultural development

This paper surveys the linkages between malaria and agriculture, focusing on the economic impacts of the disease. We adopt Negin's (2005) conceptual framework to examine the potential impacts of malaria in the agricultural sector, including both direct and indirect impacts. In addition to health care costs, malaria causes loss of agricultural labor and slows adoption of improved practices in agriculture. Furthermore, some agricultural practices and development interventions are known to facilitate the spread of malaria, exacerbating its impacts. Given the importance of both agriculture and malaria in developing countries, especially in Africa, the interaction between them could be a significant factor in economic growth. The review identifies gaps in past research on this topic. A better understanding of malaria's impact on agricultural productivity, coupled with efforts to strengthen capacity to deal with malaria, would enhance policies and programs aimed at combating malaria and curbing its impacts on agricultural productivity.     

农业节水中妇女因素影响研究进展

[目的]农村劳动力性别结构发生变化,使妇女承担起了包括农业灌溉在内更多的农业生产劳动。妇女农业节水对水资源的高效利用具有重要的现实意义。[方法]文章基于文献梳理的视角,采用文献分析法和比较归纳法,类列出现有研究中妇女对农业节水影响的定性,界定妇女赋权的概念,提出利用微观调研数据定量分析不同因子对妇女农业节水的影响及其单个因子的贡献率。[结果]（1）农业女性化是工业与农业竞争发展博弈的结果,尽管该趋势延续与否、对农业生产发展利弊的判定尚不明确,但是农村劳动力性别结构发生变化确定无疑,妇女更深程度地参与了农业生产多个环节,农业劳动也相应更多地落在了妇女肩上。（2）妇女成为农业灌溉的主要力量,却因受限于教育程度相对偏低、劳动压力大、社会地位边缘化等原因影响了在农业节水中表现。（3）赋予妇女权能,使其能在承担了灌溉劳动的同时有机会参与水资源的管理,激发妇女在农业节水中的积极作用。[结论]妇女对农业节水影响的研究较少,已有文献多以定性研究为主,且对妇女农业节水与否说法不一。采用微观调研数据分析妇女年龄、健康状况、文化程度、节水意愿、地区经济发展水平、家庭总收入、政策扶持、技能培训、干旱情况、土壤...     

低碳农业经济指标体系构建及对江苏省的评价

[目的]在低碳经济正成为世界经济社会发展新趋势的背景下,低碳农业成为新的探究热点。科学构建低碳农业经济评价指标体系,有利于为科学评判低碳农业经济发展质量提供重要依据,江苏省作为我国农业大省和经济发达的重叠区,以其为例进行低碳农业经济发展评价对于我国农业发展方向和模式具有先导意义。[方法]基于对低碳农业经济概念和内涵的系统分析,构建由农业发展水平、化学品投入强度、能源利用效率、资源有效利用水平、农业废弃物利用水平等5个准则层的18个指标构成的低碳农业发展水平综合评价指标体系,利用层次分析法(AHP)确定评价指标体系中各指标的权重,并应用线性加权和综合评价模型对江苏省的低碳农业发展水平进行了评价。[结果]江苏省低碳农业从2005年开始得到了快速发展,其中化学品投入强度是制约江苏省低碳农业发展的主要因素,而能源利用效率是促进其发展的关键因素。[结论]降低农业生产中的化肥、农药及农膜等化学投入品的强度,可以使江苏省低碳农业的发展水平有效提升,应予以重点关注。     

RETIREMENT POLICY IN FRENCH AGRICULTURE

A supplementary retirement grant (I. V.D.) has been the most important of a range of measures introduced since 1962 as a solution to social and structural problems in French agriculture. Although one-third of the country's agricultural area has been transferred through the scheme, there has been no revolutionary change in farm sizes. The restructuring required by the policy has been relatively slight and the economic attractions of the retirement grant have declined, particularly since the early 1970's. Problems have also arisen from the uneven spatial adoption of the pension, from internal contradictions within the scheme and from the lack of co-ordination with other aspects of government support for agriculture and regional development policy.     

AGGREGATION OF MICRO-FUNCTIONS TO OBTAIN A WHOLE-FARM PRODUCTION FUNCTION*

In this paper, a re-assessment of the aggregation problem in farm production functions is attempted. Aggregation starts from measurable farm management entities such as the milking cow, breeding ewe etc., and appropriate whole farm production functions are derived that are consistent with these biological units of farming, or as they will be called, the micro-functions of agriculture. The aggregate function, as derived, is based on the geometric means of micro outputs and inputs and could appropriately be said to 'represent' all the micro-functions. It is thus called, later in the paper, the representative production function for the farm firm.     

The Political Economy of Contract Farming in China's Agrarian Transition

How does rural China's political economy determine the motivations and constraints that drive small farmers and agribusiness companies into contract farming and shape its practice and impact? This paper identifies three distinctive features of contract farming in China – varied impact on rural inequality, unstable contractual relations and lack of competitiveness with other alternatives – and proposes tentative explanations linked to three features in rural China's political economy: strong collective institutions, active state support for agriculture and strong domestic markets. The recent turn in China's agrarian transition towards vertical integration of agriculture with industries is, however, undermining these conditions and may move China towards more convergence with other countries. Studying contract farming in China's unique political economy context shows not only how variations in the political economy can alter its practice and impact, but also how it needs to be evaluated in comparison with competing alternatives.     

The agricultural,environmental and socio-political repercussions of Brazil's land governance system

Although many contemporary studies of agriculture associate larger properties with higher relative productivity, this assumption has limited relevancy for the analysis of situations in which property owners profit more from large-scale property accumulation itself rather than any superiority in exploitation opportunities offered by increased size. In Brazil, the efficiency-of-scale paradigm has been used to criticize peasant agriculture as unproductive and hide contradictions deriving from land concentration. As this paper argues, however, small-scale agriculture is actually responsible for most of Brazil's food production, rural employment and agricultural income. The paper utilizes a land governance perspective to analyze the implementation of structural reforms aimed at turning back the land monopolization tide as well as efforts to weaken long-standing legal principles that socially condition individual property “rights” in Brazil.     

Relative efficiency of women as farm managers: Profit function analysis in Côte d'Ivoire

The efficiency of women farmers in the agricultural sector of developing countries is passionately debated. Very few studies have examined this issue in African agriculture. All previous studies were based on production functions, but have been criticised as suffering from simultaneous equation bias because the input levels are endogenous. The profit function method avoids these problems. No previous study has used the profit function method to lest for technical, allocative and economic efficiency differences between women and men farmers. The objective of this paper was to determine whether women rice farmers are less efficient than men rice farmers in Côte d'Ivoire using the restricted normalised profit function method. Our results show that the relative degree of efficiency of women is similar to that of men. The paper provides empirical support for efforts to eliminate bias against women farmers in African agriculture.     

China's agriculture: drivers of change and implications for China and the rest of world

The overall goal of this article is to identify major changes in China's agriculture/food economy and their implications for both China itself and, more importantly, to the rest of world. China has become one of the fastest‐growing economies in the world since late 1970s. GDP grew at about 10% annually in the past 30 years. China's experience shows the importance of both domestic and external policies in achieving sustainable growth. The results from this study provide significant policy implications to many countries that are currently China's major trade partners or those seeking greater economic and trade relations with China. The main conclusions on the implications of China's rapid economic growth are that China's growth will provide more opportunities than challenges to the rest of the world, on average. Overall, the rest of the world will gain from China's economic expansion though this general conclusion may not hold for some countries.     

Economic development and the role of agricultural technology

In earlier debates on economic development, the agricultural sector's role was somewhat controversial. While dualistic models highlighted the importance of agriculture, the mainstream literature placed a greater emphasis on the creation of a modern industrial sector. Soon agriculture disappeared from the mainstream development literature to re‐emerge recently with a variety of multiple‐sector growth models emphasizing the key role of agriculture and specifically technology in agriculture. This article is an empirical cross‐country analysis of agricultural technology's role in economic development. Specifically, the hypothesis being tested is whether improvements in agricultural technology have a significant impact on long‐run economic growth. The results indicate that agricultural modernization has a positive effect on both measures of economic growth and human development.     

Assessing Total Factor Productivity Growth in Sub‐Saharan African Agriculture

The importance of the agricultural sector in the economic development process is well known. Improvements in agricultural productivity are often found to spill into other areas of a developing economy, potentially improving the standards of living of urban and rural workers alike. Given the importance of this sector, accurate measures of total factor productivity (TFP) across countries can be helpful in identifying conditions, institutions or policies that promote agricultural development. In this article, we estimate TFP growth in agriculture for a panel of 39 sub‐Saharan African countries from 1961 to 2007. We also develop a set of development outcome measures theoretically consistent with strong agricultural performance to serve as external validation of our results. We find that three estimation methods (stochastic frontier, generalised maximum entropy, and Bayesian efficiency) generate relative rankings that are consistent with the development outcome measures, providing external validation of the methods. However, the data envelopment analysis approach performs poorly in this regard.     

四川省农业资源可持续利用评价研究

[目的]农业能否持续发展关系着整个国民经济的发展,而影响农业持续发展的主要因素是资源,因此探讨分析资源的利用情况对于促进农业及社会经济发展具有十分重要的意义。[方法]鉴于四川省农业资源的特点,构建合理的四川省农业资源可持续利用评价指标体系,通过层次分析法对其进行评价。[结果]四川省农业资源可持续利用评价的最终得分为62.79,在可持续性利用很好得分范围内;权重结果显示准则层中6个指标的大小依次为水资源(0.284 1)经济资源(0.257 4)生物资源(0.172 6)社会资源(0.168 4)土地资源(0.067 1)环境资源(0.050 4),其中水资源和经济资源对四川省可持续利用的贡献较大。[结论]四川省农业资源可持续利用发展水平潜力较大,基于可持续发展理念,应综合考虑土地资源的监管、环境资源保护以及生态环境改善等方面,互相促进,协调发展,从而保持并促进四川省农业的持续发展。     

PHILOSOPHICAL DIMENSIONS OF RURAL POVERTY IN CANADA*

Recently, new dimensions of social awareness and economic enlightenment have begun to influence policy in a search for “the means of attenuating those inevitable evils which are already apparent”. There is now a general concensus about the massive extent of rural poverty. There is general agreement that the causes of rural poverty can be found in a lack of aggregate demand in periods of slow economic growth, in a lagging response to structural change required by technological change within commercial agriculture, and in the lack of alternative opportunities for resources no longer needed in agriculture. In finding answers the whole range of economic and social policy is involved, including general fiscal and monetary policy, policies designed to reduce regional disparties and improve educational training and employment opportunities, specific policies to facilitate the efficient adjustment of commercial agriculture, and entirely new policies designed to provide a level of income maintenance viewed, not only as essential to human dignity and welfare but, equally, as essential to the attainment of economic efficiency which the persistence of under-utilized resources can effectively block. PAUVRETÉ RURALE AU CANADA II nous faut trouver un moyen de survie qui fonctionne bien. Pour ce faire, nous devons sélectionner les priorités, el développer des méthodes pratiques de solution. Ce ne sera pas facile. A tous les stages il nous faudra faire le poids entre l'efficacité et le bien-être social, entre les profits corporatifs et la liberté individuelle, entre les opportunités et les tensions de la vie urbaine et les attractions et les opportunités limités de la vie rurale. Nous avons les moyens de régler ces problèmes de pauvreté avant que n'adviennent chez nous les ébranlements extrêmes que nous constatons ailleur dans le monde. Regardons de près ce qu'ont fait nos programmes universels de bien-être social pour régler le problème de pauvreté. Ces programmes sont simplement passés du gouvernement fédéral aux gouvernements provinciaux et jusqu'aux gouvernements municipaux qui utilisent nratiouement les méthodes de l'inquisition avant de répartir leurs fonds de bien-être trap limités. L'homme doit mettre à son service la technologie et non pas se laisser controller par elle. Si l'homme est destinéà rnaintenir son humanité, on doit lui laisser quand même ses valeurs de base. Ceci voudrait dire un maximum de liberté individuelle. C'est ce qui lui permettra une certains solicitude et une vue d'ensemble plus claire de la destiné humaine.     

The impact of agricultural research in Africa: aggregate and case study evidence

This paper presents case-study results and aggregate data to evaluate the impact of research in African agriculture. Of 32 case studies, all but eight report annual returns over 20% and many are far higher, with most gains arising in the late 1980s and 1990s. Spurred by policy reforms and changing incentives, these innovations have led to sustained growth in aggregate cereal crop yields since 1985. Africa's belated ‘green revolution’ is based on new varieties (often with early maturation for drought escape), complemented by new management techniques (typically labor-intensive efforts to conserve soil moisture and build soil fertility).     

Role of agriculture in economic development revisited

While both Malthus and Ricardo viewed agriculture as impediments to economic progress, Mill and Marshall argued that the effects of diminishing returns to land could be offset. Mill emphasized that the progress of civilization, such as roads that reduced the cost of bringing products to market, and policy improvements, such as abolition of the corn laws, provided substitutes for farm inputs. Marshall argued that population growth could for a long time, through growth of organization and knowledge, offset the effects of diminishing returns. Had the insights of Colin Clark dominated the policies of developing countries rather than the implications drawn from the dual sector models and the pessimistic views of Prebisch, agriculture's contribution to economic development would have been enhanced. The efforts to tax agriculture to support import substitution policies reduced rather than increased economic growth. Agriculture has important contributions to make to economic development, but must receive even handed treatment if the possible contributions are to be realized. A major failure of all governments has been the unwillingness to recognize that agriculture is a declining industry and to adopt policies that would assist farm people to adjust to the decline in demand for farm labor.     

CHANGE,ADJUSTMENT AND THE ROLE OF SPECIFIC EXPERIENCE: EVIDENCE FROM SRI LANKAN RICE FARMING*

Human capital comprising various components, such as different types of training, experience and skills, influences the capacity of economic agents to adjust to changing environments. We distinguish between formal education, general experience and various types of specific experience as determinants of adjustment to disequilibria in agriculture and demonstrate that their relative importance varies according to the nature of the changes facing the farmers. The results provide strong support for the importance of land-specific experience even in 'modernising' situations.