宜居城市建设经济效应的数量分析——以大连市为例

宜居城市是随着经济和社会的发展而出现的崭新概念,并且越来越多的城市把它作为城市的发展目标;介绍了宜居城市的概念,建立指标体系,选取了4个一级指标:生态环境指标、居住条件指标、基础设施与公共服务指标、经济发展指标;运用层次分析法对大连的城市宜居性进行评价;运用SPSS统计软件对大连城市宜居性和经济发展之间关系进行相关分析,得出宜居城市建设极大的提升了城市经济的发展。     

山东省土地经济评价初步研究

确定了１４个土地经济指标，以聚类分析方法进行了农用地经济评价。通过评价指标的筛选及定量分级，制订了山东省土地综合经济评级标准，进行土地综合经济评价。在此基础了进行了土地经济分区，将山东省土地划分为５个农用经济等级，７个土地综合经济等级，分为４个土地经济区。     

Estimating the costs and benefits of soil conservation in Europe

Economics is about problems of choice. In erosion control, both public authorities and private land users are faced with such problems. What is the impact of erosion, both on-site and off-site, and to what extent can this impact be quantified? If we conceptualize this impact in terms of sustainability, how can we compare one type of effect against another? The former question can be answered only by natural scientists, the latter by economists and other social scientists. Weighing different aspects of sustainability requires value judgments, and economists are sometimes accused of having a jaundiced view of reality, wrongly supposing that decisions are based on rationality and denying the importance of emotion.However, let us assume that there is some mileage to be gained out of attempting to estimate the cost of erosion in an economic sense—which consists of converting the various effects into a common denominator: euros. If we can predict the impact of erosion control measures on erosion rates, we can know the benefit of these measures. The cost also needs to be calculated, not in terms of money but in terms of resources expended (which could have been used for other purposes) and in terms of possible negative impacts of erosion control (for instance, increased use of herbicides in reduced-tillage systems).There are important other considerations which economists may study. Firstly, there is the comparison of present versus future costs and benefits: how much can we sacrifice today for higher sustainability tomorrow?Secondly, there is the issue of private versus public costs and benefits: how do the goals of private land users differ from (those of?) the public good, how can this help us to predict land users’ behaviour, and what incentives would be appropriate to make them behave in such a way as to maximize the public good? Thirdly, how do we deal with uncertainty and risk?These problems loomed large in a study to support an extended impact assessment for the EU Soil Thematic Strategy, in 2005. Whereas much research has been done on erosion and its impact, much of this is on a small scale. The extent of the problem on a national, let alone a continental or a global scale, is still poorly known. The paper discusses how these problems were faced, which is not the same as saying they were resolved.     

环首都经济圈土地资源经济评价

选择环首都经济圈为研究对象,基于土地生产率、土地利用程度、土地投入强度和土地集约效率四个子系统选取构建经济评价指标体系,借助SPSS软件,采用因子分析法分别计算了土地生产率、土地利用程度、土地投入强度和土地集约效率。根据评价结果,从四个方面分别阐述土地经济评价的区域差异及原因,以期能更好的为区域土地资源可持续利用提供参考。     

Institutional constraints on conservation auction: Organizational mandate,competencies and practices

Auctions appeal to analysts and policy designers because of their potential efficiency in recruiting new areas for nature conservation. The failure to develop genuine auctions and competitive tender processes is typically blamed on the design and the attractiveness of the instrument. However, the institutional constraints that a new competitive mechanism faces when placed in a real-world ecological-institutional setting are only partly anticipated by the theoretical and analytical approaches. This paper explores the theory-based principles of cost-effectiveness against a real-world auction instrument designed for forest biodiversity conservation in Finland. The instrument, called “Natural Values Trading”, specified that the tenders should be invited and compared on an annual basis but the competitive procedure was not operationalized. Instead, sites were evaluated on a first come – first serve basis, applying ecological criteria and pricing based on opportunity costs. The institutional constraints of the auction mechanism centred on the difficulty that public authorities geared toward implementing law and treating citizens equally faced with a competitive arrangement. The pressure to generate instant impact overrode experimenting with new mechanisms and exiting an administrative comfort zone. The findings conform to the institutional theories that identify challenges with matching organizational mandate, reallocating and developing organizational competencies as well as changing informal organizational and professional practices. The design of biodiversity conservation mechanisms will not go far by focusing solely on cost-effectiveness; instead, the institutional friction should be taken seriously and organizational mandates, competencies and practices should be addressed explicitly.     

大网箱养鲤鱼技术经济评价

本文通过对大网箱养鲤鱼技术进行生产效果和经济效果分析，指出该项技术可以带来较好的生产效益和经济效益，具有较好的推广和应用价值。文中对该技术在当地应用中的创新技术点进行了特别说明。     

Land titling policy and soil conservation in the northern uplands of Vietnam

In Vietnam, a quasi-private property regime has been established in 1993 with the issuance of exchangeable and mortgageable long-term land use right certificates. Using primary qualitative and quantitative data collected in a mountainous district of Northern Vietnam, this paper investigates the role of the land policy in the adoption of soil conservation technologies by farmers. This issue is of crucial importance in the region where population growth and growing market demands have induced farmers to intensify agricultural production. While poverty has been reduced, environmental problems such as soil erosion, landslides, and declining soil fertility have become more severe over the past years. Our findings suggest that despite farmers’ awareness of erosion, soil conservation technologies are perceived as being economically unattractive; therefore, most upland farmers continue to practice the prevailing erosion-prone cultivation system. Focusing on agroforestry as one major soil conservation option, we estimate household and plot-level econometric models to empirically assess the determinants of adoption. We find that the possession of a formal land title positively influences adoption, but that the threat of land reallocations in villages discourages adoption by creating uncertainty and tenure insecurity. The analyses reveal that these two effects interact with each other but are of small magnitude. We conclude that the issuance of land titles is a necessary but not sufficient prerequisite to encouraging the adoption of soil conservation practices. However, current practices remain economically unattractive to farmers. This deficiency needs to be addressed by interdisciplinary research and complemented by strong efforts by local authorities to promote sustainable land use.     

我国渔业经济结构分析与评价

采用灰色关联分析方法,定量描述渔业与农业经济的关联影响以及渔业产业内部结构之间的关联变化.运用因子分析法对我国31个省市渔业经济综合实力进行量化评价,计算各因子得分和综合得分,进而对我国东部地区、东北地区、中部地区和西部地区四大区域的渔业经济地域差异进行分析,提出了大力提高我国渔业经济的综合实力、优化渔业经济产业结构、因地制宜地制定渔业经济发展战略等对策.     

水土保持在城市绿地规划设计中的应用

城市绿地的建设虽然可以在短时间改善城市植被覆盖率,提升人均绿地面积,但是其是否可以起到有效地防治水土流失的作用则是一个关键的问题。通过分析城市绿地可能发生水土流失的原因,探讨了在城市绿地中水土保持措施的布置原则,并且提出了水土保持措施的设计方法,以期为城市绿地规划设计进一步提供科学指导。     

An economic evaluation of bushfire prevention and suppression

The Fire Management Program (FMP) of the Victorian Department of Natural Resources and Environment is responsible for the prevention and suppression of fires on public land in the State of Victoria. This article reports on an economic evaluation of the net benefits of these fire management activities for a representative year. The FMP is calculated to yield high net benefits to Victoria from its investment in fire suppression and prevention, through a reduction in the value of agricultural, capital and forest assets which would otherwise be lost to bushfires.     

Valuing soil conservation benefits of agroforestry: contour hedgerows in the Eastern Visayas,Philippines

Trees can be considered as investments made by economic agents to prevent depreciation of natural assets such as stocks of top soil and water In agroforestry systems farmers use trees in this manner by deliberately combining them with agricultural crops on the same unit of land. Although advocates of agroforestry have asserted that soil conservation is one of its primary benefits, empirical estimates of these benefits have been lacking due to temporal and spatial complexity of agroforestry systems and the nonmarket aspect of soil capital assets. This study designs and applies a bio-economic framework for valuing the soil conservation benefits of agroforestry. The framework is tested with econometric analysis of data from surveys of households in Eastern Visayas. Philippines, where USAID/Government of Philippines introduced contour hedgerow agroforestry in 1983. By constructing a weighted soil quality index that also incorporates measures of soil fertility, texture and color in addition to erosion, we extend previous economic studies of soil resources. This index is regressed on a variety of farming and site specific bio-physical variables. Next, we use a Cobb-Douglas profit function to directly relate agricultural profits and soil quality. Thus, the value of soil conservation is measured as a quasi-rent differential or the share of producer surplus associated with a change in soil quality. Because this framework assumes the existence of markets, the assumption is tested by analysing the statistical significance of consumption side variables, e.g., number of household members, on production side variables, e.g., profits. Instrumental variables are used to handle the endogeneity of the soil index in the profit equation. Seemingly unrelatedregression (SUR) analysis is used to accommodate correlation of errors across the soil and profit equations. Regression results reveal the importance of agroforestry intensity, private ownership, land fragmentation, and familiarity with soil conservation as positive covariates of soil quality. Analysis of production data indicate the importance of market prices, education, farming experience, farm size, topography, and soil quality as positive covariates of household profits Investments in agroforestry to improve or maintain soil capital can increased annual agricultural profits by US$53 for the typical household, which is 6% of total income. However, there are significant up-front costs. Given that small farmers in tropical uplands are important players in the management of deteriorating soil and forest resources, policy makers may want to consider supporting farmers in the early years of agroforestry adoption.     

Using soil and water conservation techniques to rehabilitate degraded lands in northwestern Burkina Faso

Agricultural productivity in West Africa is low and cropping systems are hard to sustain. Farmers generally make little use of improved seeds or mechanization, and rely on organic matter to improve the fertility of their soils. Soil and water conservation techniques (SWCTs) can help secure agricultural output in unpredictable climates, and have been promoted in northwestern Burkina Faso for several decades. Rock bunds, filter walls, zaï, half-moons and agroforestry are now widespread. This paper describes the agroecological conditions in Burkina Faso and discusses the agroforestry and SWC technologies most widely applied in the country. SWCTs have contributed to improvements on the ground, helping secure livelihoods and reduce rural poverty and vulnerability to drought and famine.     

Decision-making in soil conservation: application of a behavioral model to potato farmers in Sri Lanka

Soil erosion is one of the most devastating problems in the upper watershed areas in Sri Lanka. Erosion-prone cultivation of vegetables (especially potatoes) on steep slopes, without soil conservation measures, has become a major problem in the recent past. Soil erosion has significant impacts on on-farm as well as off-farm activities. Although various institutions have launched programs to introduce soil conservation techniques, these have not yielded expected results mainly due to a lack of understanding of the potato farmers’ behavior on investment decisions on soil conservation. Hence the conceptual model on investment decisions on soil conservation was tested in this paper. The analytical results of the generalized least square model indicated the importance of personal and economic, as well as institutional, factors in decision-making in soil conservation. Therefore, obtaining farmer adoption of erosion-control practices will require the use of various implementation tools such as education, subsidies, and technical assistance. Low willingness to invest in soil conservation indicated the necessity for public installation of conservation structures if they are to be widely used in potato farmlands in the upper watersheds in Sri Lanka.     

简述渔业投资项目经济效益评价的电算化

随着计算机的普及应用,渔业投资项目经济效益评价电算化问题越来越引起人们的关注。本文根据渔业投资项目的经济效益评价指标和效益分析评价方法,通过实例介绍应用Excel制作现金流量表及其电算过程的具体操作,为渔业投资项目的经济效益评价提供了较好的电算化方法,对项目投资风险评价与决策具有一定的实用价值。     

花园口经济区建设用地集约利用潜力评价

本文按照开发区土地集约利用评价规程要求,对大连花园口经济区展开潜力评价和挖掘,目的是完善花园口经济区的土地整治研究,对接上级部门土地集约利用平台,接受国土主管部门的监督和指导;结合本地区实际用地情况,充分挖掘区域用地潜力,对照土地节约集约利用试点城市要求不断改进集约利用水平,争取达到模范试点城市水平。     

Olive oil production and soil conservation in southern Spain, in relation to EU subsidy policies

The European Union spent about two billion ECU per year on subsidies for the olive oil sector, of which Spain received about 35%. For the rainfed areas in southern Spain the olive oil sector is crucial, and so are these subsidies. The European Commission has formulated two options to change the subsidy system, but these do not take the production systems and environmental aspects into account. Many olive plantations are affected by soil erosion. This paper analyses the olive tree production systems in southern Spain, the subsidy systems and the soil erosion problems. It then raises the question whether the subsidies could not be provided in a different way, in order to make olive tree cultivation more sustainable by reducing soil erosion and flood hazard.     

Decision-making by farmers regarding ecosystem services: Factors affecting soil conservation efforts in Costa Rica

The impact of climate change on farm soils in the tropics is the combined result of short-term soil management decisions and expanding precipitation extremes. This is particularly true for cultivated lands located in steeply sloping areas where bare soil is exposed to extreme rainfall such as the Birris watershed in Costa Rica. Farmers in this watershed are affected by increasing degradation of soil regulation services and respond with different level of efforts to conserve their soils. This paper examines influences on farmers’ decisions through a survey involving interviews with a sample of farmers (n = 56) to test hypotheses on how a combination of cognitive variables (beliefs, risk perception, values) and socioeconomic variables shape decisions on soil conservation. Results show that farmers’ awareness of their exposure level to soil erosion combines with other variables to determine their level of soil conservation. Using discriminant analysis, three groups of farmers were identified based on their soil conservation efforts. ANOVA pairwise-comparison among these groups showed significant differences in respect to levels of awareness, perception of risk, and personal beliefs along with territorial exposure and participation in soil conservation programs. Our results help to understand farmers’ complex decision-making on soil conservation and help designing policies to support the provision of soil regulation services especially in areas highly exposed to increasing frequency of extreme precipitation events such as Central America.     

山东省碳排放经济效率评价分析

论文依据2005～2009年的山东省17地市碳排放量数据对山东省不同地区的碳排放经济效率进行实证分析,运用OWA算子赋权方法对不同年份进行权重分配,并结TOPSIS评估方法对各地区碳排放经济效率进行了系统的评价。得出结论:东部沿海地区,像东营、烟台、威海、青岛等地的碳排放经济效率普遍高于山东省内陆地区,时间权重修正后的结论与传统上的TOPSIS综合评价结果十分一致,进一步验证了评价的有效性,并根据评价结果对山东省不同地区提高碳排放经济效率提出了一些建议。