Expert Systems in Insurance: A Review and Analysis

The financial services industry and, in particular, the insurance industry has emerged as an important user of expert systems. In the following review we examine evidence of the spread of such systems in insurance, and focus more particularly upon life insurance, where the greatest amount of progress has been made. We attempt to identify the major trends in this area and examine one of the favoured tasks for the implementation of expert systems, namely underwriting. After assessing the current state of work and level of satisfaction in this area, we finally consider the likely direction of future initiatives.     

Financial Product Design,Retail Investor Sophistication and Issuer Incentives: A Case Study

Many financial products and securities marketed to retail investors involve design features that can make it difficult to understand the risk and return characteristics involved. This paper examines one such security, Convertible Preference Step Up Units (CPUs), issued in Australia by the US Masters Residential Property Fund (URF) at the end of 2017. It argues that an apparently relatively simple design masks significant complexity which would make risk assessment and fair pricing well beyond the capabilities of retail investors. Despite that, analysis of the security design and disclosure documents suggests that it would not fall foul of the financial product banning powers recommended for the Australian Securities and Investment Commission by the 2014 Australian Financial System Inquiry and in draft legislation as at mid 2018. This highlights the difficulties for effective financial consumer protection resulting from the mismatch between financial literacy levels and financial product design.     

A Comparative Analysis of American and French Financial Reporting Philosophies: The Case for International Accounting Standards

Two very dominant financial reporting systems compete today in the international accounting arena: the Anglo-Saxon model of financial reporting and the continental European model. Adopted and extended by the American financial reporting system, the Anglo-Saxon model is riding the wave of world market globalization and it is consolidating its presence on the international scene. On the other hand, the European model, at least in its Latin-German school, strives to maintain its own international position and tries even hardly to grow beyond its own traditional boundaries. Both models, rooted in a rich history and a strong cultural environment, differ at both substantive and philosophical levels. The impact of the industrial revolution and the protestant thinking is more visible in the Anglo-Saxon financial model, while the impact of law and the major wars is more noticeable in the continental European model. This paper uses the American financial reporting model to represent the Anglo Saxon model and the French reporting model to represent the dominant European model. It questions the ability of either of these models to respond to the needs of international users for financial information and advocates that the most viable alternative to these models lies in a strong commitment to worldwide standards.     

金融发展与经济动态效率：重庆个案

依据内生经济增长的理论框架,选取重庆市1998年到2016年的相关数据,测算重 庆经济动态效率后发现,2002年前的重庆经济动态效率为正值,经济动态有效。但随着投资驱 动政策的逐年实行,经济动态效率数值由正转为负,进入到动态无效阶段,且下降趋势更为明 显。2009年以后,重庆金融业不断完善,金融对经济的影响效应稳步增强,经济的动态效率又 得到了回升,但仍处于无效状态。实证结果表明重庆金融发展规模、金融运行效率对经济动态 效率有积极的作用,而贷款规模扩大对经济动态效率有负面影响。因此,重庆金融改革应注重 优化金融行业运行结构,降低金融杠杆比例,提高金融运行效率和构建长江上游金融中心,以 提高重庆经济动态效率,并实现金融与经济的内涵式增长。     

The Purpose of Financial Reporting: The Case for Coherence in the Conceptual Framework and Standards

This paper proposes a basis for progress in the development of the conceptual framework (CF) as a foundation for developing accounting standards. This topic has gained increased prominence following the IASB's (2013) release of its Review of the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting (RCFFR) proposing changes to the CF. In this paper the broad socio‐economic environment is seen as determining the primary purpose of General Purpose Financial Reporting (GPFR), which, in turn, establishes the high‐level properties of a CF suitable to meet that primary purpose. This is to support market stability and efficiency through the provision of an account of the financial position and performance of an entity that accords with economic reality. The case is made that the primary purpose of a CF is to provide the principles for the development of accounting standards that will result in GPFR that is useful. This requires theoretical coherence. The CF should drive the standards and if standards depart from the CF principles, such departures should be justified. This proposal is consistent with the position adopted in the RCFFR. However, in contrast to the RCFFR, this paper accents the purposive approach and links the formation of standards directly to the CF. This approach implies that standards are subordinate to CF principles; therefore compliance with standards should not provide a basis for compromising the faithful representation of economic reality. From the purpose identified for GPFR, the paper argues for a default presumption in favour of Fair Value Accounting, a retreat from the asset/liability approach, and a re‐casting of the income statement to focus on operational flows.     

县域农村金融风险问题研究——以九台市为例

随着农村金融改革的不断深入,县域农村金融机构经营状况明显改善。内控管理逐渐加强,资产质量显著提高,经营规模不断扩大,法人治理结构进一步完善,盈利能力和抵御风险能力得到明显提升。但在发展过程中受多方因素的影响,也累积了一些隐性风险。在此背景下,本文以九台市为例,深入分析了县域农村金融风险问题,并在此基础上提出了有效防控县域农村金融风险的对策建议。     

金融结构和经济结构对称性分析的宁波个案

本文基于"最优金融结构理论",提出了"对称性金融"的概念,认为评价金融结构的优劣应该以与其服务的实体经济的匹配程度即对称性作为标准。在此基础上,本文通过构建金融对称指数量化了金融结构和经济结构的对称程度,并分析了宁波金融结构的现状以及与经济结构对称程度的变化情况。     

中印金融体系改革、发展与功能比较研究

金融体系是支撑一国实体经济发展的重要保障,因此如何改革并完善已有金融体系使之与经济发展需要相匹配,已成为各国共同关注的话题。本文在系统梳理中印两国金融体系改革历程和路径的基础上,通过对比改革后的金融发展情况和结构特征,进一步分析了两国金融体系的功能和效率差异。研究发现,两国金融体系都对其经济社会发展具有重要的支撑性,但各自的国情背景和传统体制路径依赖特征,导致两国形成了市场化程度和开放程度不同的金融体系。本文最后从深化金融市场结构改革、提高金融业对外开放程度和推动金融包容性发展三个方面,对我国后续金融改革提出了政策建议。     

金融保护主义:影响、趋势及应对

金融保护主义包括两种类型,一种是发达国家政府为防止本国资产被外国投资者收购而设置障碍的保护主义,另一种是利用保护措施尽可能地将金融资源留在本国的金融重商主义.本文对金融保护主义的实质与表现、经济影响、发展趋势等问题进行了研究,建议中国应坚持金融业的渐进开放策略,并通过加强多边协调合作、合理调整外汇储备的管理思路、稳步推进人民币的国际化进程等途径应对金融保护主义的挑战.     

金融发展与二元经济结构实证关系研究:重庆个案

研究结果表明,重庆市金融发展对二元经济结构转换有显著负影响.重庆市近年来金融发展是以城市金融为支撑的,在金融总量和效益不断提高的背后,是农村金融的相对萎缩.即以二元金融为特征的非协调性金融发展最终强化了经济结构的二元性.因此,重庆市应注重激活农村金融潜力,促使城乡经济发展以较快的速度趋同.     

The Impact of Expert Systems in Accounting: System Characteristics,Productivity and Work Unit Effects

Using a framework derived from Perrow, we have investigated the impact of expert systems in accounting at the work unit level. The results of a survey are presented. Information on 36 implemented systems was collected from participants at two recent workshops on artificial intelligence in accounting and business. A number of commonly suggested advantages of expert systems are observed. We find some significant differences between variables for the two major application areas in accounting, namely tax and auditing. This suggests that where benefits arise from differs depending upon the underlying task domain.     

城乡统筹发展背景下农村金融资源配置的问题研究——基于广东城乡地区配置结构差异性的分析

发展农村经济是未来我国经济增长的长期战略,城乡经济统等发展、协调共进是推动社会和谐、全面发展的必然要求。通过对当前广东地区城乡金融资源配置的情况进行分析,本文提出了对捉村信用社进行综合化金融服务机构改革、建立农村金融控股有限责任公司、建立农村土地用益权的区域性证券化市场等改革创新思路,以期实现增加农村金融资源有效供给,缩小城乡差距,实现省内金融资源合理配置的目的。     

国际银行业金融犯罪监管:案例研究与经验启示

本文通过对国际银行业金融犯罪17个典型案例的分析,明确了银行业金融犯罪的主要类型。在此基础上,系统梳理了国际权威组织的监管原则和相关国家的监管要求,总结了其在监管范围、具体要求和监管机制方面的显著特征,并归纳了国际银行业在监管推动下形成的良好做法。当前,我国银行业面临严峻的金融犯罪形势,应积极借鉴国际经验,提升银行业治理金融犯罪的能力。     

The Effects of International Financial Reporting Standards on the Accounts and Accounting Quality of Australian Firms: A Retrospective Study

We examine the effect of Australian equivalents to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) on the accounts and accounting quality of 1,065 listed firms, relying on retrospective reconciliations between Australian Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (AGAAP) and IFRS. We find that IFRS increases total liabilities, decreases equity and more firms have earnings decreases than increases. IFRS earnings and equity are not more value relevant than AGAAP earnings and equity and while adjustments for changes in accounting for provisions and intangibles other than goodwill are value relevant, they weaken associations with market value. Goodwill adjustments improve associations with market value. We also find that the reconciliation note for the earnings adjustments contained no new information.     

金融支持农民专业合作组织发展现状、问题及对策——以吉林省通化市为例

随着金融支持农民专业合作组织力度的持续增强,农民专业合作组织迅速发展,从而有效地提高了农民收入、推动了农村经济发展。然而,金融支持与农民专业合作组织发展现状还不能完全相适应,制约了农民专业合作组织进一步向高层次、规格化、专业化、产业化方向的发展。为此,本文以吉林省通化市为例,深入分析金融支持农民专业合作组织发展存在的问题及成因,并提出相关政策建议。     

A-Level Subject Choice,Systematic Bias and University Performance in the UK: The Case of Accounting

British students from lower socio-economic backgrounds are more likely to attend non-selective state schools and are therefore more likely to take a wider variety of A-level subjects including applied disciplines such as Accounting. This is attributed to the performative pressure subjected by school league tables that incentivise schools to encourage students to select subjects that will yield the highest grades. However, many leading universities have restricted the chances of applicants holding particular combinations of A-level subjects that, in some cases, include Accounting. Interviews held within a large English university reveal that few students are aware of such restrictions, whilst corresponding quantitative data indicates that students who enter university with two or more restricted A-level subjects perform no differently on average than other students. Those entering university with an Accounting A-level, however, perform, better in their first year but exhibit lower degree performance, on average, by the end of their studies.     

农户分层视野下的可持续发展及金融支持研究——基于可持续生计框架的个案分析

在开放经济条件下,中国农户生计方式的转变促进了农户群体内部的分层。基于农户生计方式,利用可持续农村生计分析方法,区分了三类不同的农户。以湘南莲花村为个案,考量中国农户的异质性融资需求,构建差异化的农村金融服务体系,把握农户内部不同层次的个性金融需求,不利于金融机构提供差异化的金融服务,促进不同农户生计方式可持续发展。     

A Study of Volatility and Externality Compensative Return of Internet Financial Products in the Case of Yuebao

We use the data of 10 thousand accrual of Zenglibao monetary fund of Celestica Fund and two indicators of the monetary fund market, WIND index of monetary fund and CSI money fund index, to analyze the volatility and compensative rate of return of Yuebao. Based on the time-variant capital asset pricing model (CAPM), we quantitatively show that the volatility of return of Yuebao is less than that of the market, and the correlation between the Yuebao and the market is relatively low. These two conditions make the beta coefficient lower than that in traditional financial products. In this article, we define the gap between return of Yuebao and the estimated return by CAPM as the externality compensative rate of return, which is the main explanation of the high-return property of Yuebao.