The Cash Flow Sensitivity of Cash

We model a firm's demand for liquidity to develop a new test of the effect of financial constraints on corporate policies. The effect of financial constraints is captured by the firm's propensity to save cash out of cash flows (the cash flow sensitivity of cash). We hypothesize that constrained firms should have a positive cash flow sensitivity of cash, while unconstrained firms' cash savings should not be systematically related to cash flows. We empirically estimate the cash flow sensitivity of cash using a large sample of manufacturing firms over the 1971 to 2000 period and find robust support for our theory.     

管理层激励与投资的现金流弹性

本文利用1998-2004年上市公司关于管理层持股的数据信息和年报中财务状况信息,考察了管理层持股份额对企业投资决策的影响.和Hadlock(1998)的文章一样,本文试图从一个侧面看到我国上市公司中内部现金流是如何影响上市公司投资决策. 和Had-lock的结论正好相反.文章的结果表明我国上市公司的滥用内部现金流情况严重,尤其当管理层不持有公司股票的情况时.同时,外部资金不存在系统合理的溢价,资本市场上的投资存在严重的盲目性.     

管理层业绩报酬敏感度、内部现金流与企业投资行为——对自由现金流和信息不对称理论的一个检验

本文考察了业绩报酬敏感度对企业内部现金流与投资行为之间关系的影响。文章发现投资现金流敏感度不仅受到内外部信息不对称导致的融资约束的影响,而且受到了股东-经理代理问题的影响,但是信息不对称理论的解释力度相对较强。另外,投资现金流敏感度和管理层业绩报酬敏感度之间的关系受到公司控股股东所有权性质的影响。     

Cash Flow Immediacy and the Value of Investment Timing

In a model with stochastic interest rates, irreversible investment, and two investment dates, the value of investment delay has two components: the expected gain from committing now to investment at a future date and the potential gain from the ability to reverse this commitment. Holding net present value constant, we show that the values of both these components are increasing in the proportion of project cash flows that accrue in the more distant future. Our results emphasize the importance of the interaction between cash flow immediacy and interest rate uncertainty for the optimal investment policy.     

基于自由现金流量的组合投资策略与实证分析

基于自由现金流量的投资组合具有一般组合的优点，同时又克服了经典组合理论只关心历史数字而不追寻其内在经济原因的缺点。实证分析表明，FCF组合具有更小的波动性、更为稳定的回报和相对更小的风险。     

基于自由现金流代理成本假说的投资行为研究

基于自由现金流代理成本假说，本文利用我国上市公司（A股）制造业1998-2003年数据对上市公司投资行为进行实证研究。研究结果表明，（1）经理持股比例越低，代理问题越严重，投资现金流相关性越高。（2）企业融资约束程度越轻，代理问题越严重，投资现金流相关性越高，经理越容易建造“企业帝国”。具体表现为：国家股比例越高，投资现金流相关性越高；净资产税后利润率越高，投资现金流相关性越高；企业规模越大，投资现金流相关性越高。建立有效的公司治理机制可以解决有关代理问题。     

Q,Cash Flow and Investment: An Econometric Critique

The effects of measurement and specification error on estimates of the Q and cash flow model of investment are investigated. Two sources of error are considered: expensing of RcD expenditures and failing to identify that component of cash flow which relaxes financing constraints. We apply random-effects and instrumental variables estimators to a model that addresses these sources of error. We find that: (1) the capitalization of R& D strengthens the explanatory power of the model; (2) expected and unexpected components of cash flow have different effects; and (3) the effects of Q are much more evident in firms facing low costs of external finance.     

风险资本参与、自由现金流与企业投资效率

本文研究风险资本在企业上市之后的投资决策过程中是否依然如上市之前发挥了积极而有效的作用以提高企业的投资效率。通过2002—2013年我国上市企业数据实证研究发现,无论为何种类型的上市企业,风险资本的参与以及较高的参与程度均可以显著抑制企业在面临现金流充裕情况下的过度投资倾向,缓解上市企业面临现金流短缺时的投资不足问题,从而提高企业的投资效率。本文的研究结论为政府部门不断规范和发展风险投资行业,进一步发挥风险资本在公司治理领域积极而正面的作用提供了实证支持。     

Cash Flow Matching

Abstract

We propose a scenario-based optimization framework for solving the cash flow matching problem where the time horizon of the liabilities is longer than the maturities of available bonds and the interest rates are uncertain. Standard interest rate models can be used for scenario generation within this framework. The optimal portfolio is found by minimizing the cost at a specific level of shortfall risk measured by the conditional tail expectation (CTE), also known as conditional valueat-risk (CVaR) or Tail-VaR. The resulting optimization problem is still a linear program (LP) as in the classical cash flow matching approach. This framework can be employed in situations when the classical cash flow matching technique is not applicable.     

The Determinants of REIT Cash Holdings

The factors influencing the cash holdings of REITs are examined with the view that the REIT industry should yield new information regarding the drivers of corporate cash policy due to their unique operating conditions. The availability of REIT line of credit data also allows us to test the association between cash holdings and line of credit access and use. Data constraints in prior investigations have left this an unresolved empirical question in the cash holdings literature. The baseline results show that REIT cash holdings are inversely related to funds from operations, leverage, and internal advisement and are directly related to the cost of external finance and growth opportunities. Cash holdings are also negatively associated with credit line access and use. The results imply that REIT managers elect to hold little cash to reduce the agency problems of cash flow thereby increasing transparency and reducing the future cost of external capital.

How Sensitive Is Investment to Cash Flow When Financing Is Frictionless?

I analyze the sensitivity of a firm's investment to its own cash flow in the benchmark case where financing is frictionless. This sensitivity has been proposed as a measure of financing constraints in earlier studies. I find that the investment–cash flow sensitivities that obtain in the frictionless benchmark are very similar, both in magnitude and in patterns they exhibit, to those observed in the data. In particular, the sensitivity is higher for firms with high growth rates and low dividend payout ratios. Tobin's q is shown to be a more noisy measure of near-term investment plans for these firms.     

The Determinants of Leveraged Buyout Activity: Free Cash Flow vs. Financial Distress Costs

This paper investigates the determinants of leveraged buyout (LBO) activity by comparing firms that have implemented LBOs to those that have not. Consistent with the free cash flow theory, we find that firms that initiate LBOs can be characterized as having a combination of unfavorable investment opportunities (low Tobin's q) and relatively high cash flow. LBO firms also tend to be more diversified than firms which do not undertake LBOs. In addition, firms with high expected costs of financial distress (e.g., those with high research and development expenditures) are less likely to do LBOs.     

Cash Flow Accounting and Liquidity: Cash Flow Potential and Wealth

The persistence of a minority interest in ‘cash flow accounting’ alongside the dominant financial reporting pattern that gives cash flow statements a distinctly secondary role in the line-up of flow statements suggests that something is missing from the analyses of the interested parties. The major theme of this paper is that users rely on historical cash flow reporting for information relevant to projecting enterprise liquidity in the short run, and on financial statements based on accrual-deferral accounting for information relevant to their interest in wealth and income. An explicit distinction between the two accounting objectives (providing information for use in assessing future enterprise liquidity and providing information for use in assessing enterprise wealth and income and performance against investors' augmentation-of-wealth objective) is recommended as a basis for clarifying the issues. That distinction suggests the value of two quite different, but related, sets of data: historical cash flows and stocks and flows of cash potentials.     

从现金流切入

中小企业和银行合作,一定要找一两家银行做深度交往,让银行对企业产生比较多的关注。而与银行往来的最佳切入点,就是让银行为企业提供现金管理服务。广发银行贸易金融部销售总监兼现金管理部总经理杨延年在接受《新理财》专访时表示。     

现金流至上

在利润目标的驱使下,管理者往往会忽视现金流的问题,不断通过超预算支出来扩张业务,提高经营业绩,实现短期利润目标,但在《管理的省悟》中,结合福田资金管理实践,张夕勇认为:公司应树立‘现金流比利润更重要’的观念,强调现金流在公司战略管理中的重要地位,把现金流作为企业运营成果的评价标准;公司决策的着眼点应定位于‘尽量提前收回现金’,切忌以牺牲长期现金流量来改善短期利润状况,避免出现‘良好的经营成果与堪忧的财务状况并存’的尴尬局面。     

管控“现金流”

目前我国企业的现金流量管理还处于极低的水平。绝大多数企业实行的还是根据国家规定的现金开支范围和银行结算制度办理往来收付结算,以经验和内部牵制制度为主体的管理办法。可以采取     

Organizational Capital and Investment‐Cash Flow Sensitivity: The Effect of Management Quality Practices

This paper examines the influence of organizational capital, as evident in management quality practices, on the response of firm investment to internal cash flows. We provide novel and strong evidence that investment sensitivity to internal cash flows decreases in the presence of superior management practices. We also find that superior management practices reduce the firm's financing frictions, evident in lower capital constraints. Our results are robust to numerous tests. Overall, our findings suggest that intangible organizational capital is important for investment decisions and that superior management practices contribute to value‐maximizing behavior.     

Cash Flow and the Eurotunnel

The Channel Tunnel, a major international investment project funded approximately 80% by debt and 20% by equity, is expected to be completed by 1993. The Eurotunnel Offer for Sale document (published in November 1987) contained financial projections based on traditional accruals-based principles. This paper converts the published information to a cash flow-based format and critically assesses the depreciation, taxation, dividend and financing policy implications. The relevance of depreciation policy in cases of projects with finite lives is discussed, and the paper concludes that information prepared on cash flow-based principles provides an alternative and more useful perspective of the Eurotunnel operations.