Subtle discrimination in the rental housing market: Evidence from e-mail correspondence with landlords

We find that landlords practice subtle discrimination in the rental housing market through the use of language associated with describing and viewing a unit, inviting further correspondence, making a formal greeting, and using polite language when replying to e-mail inquiries from a white name more often than to an African American name, they also send longer e-mails and respond quicker to white names.     

Questions about the equivalence of market rents and user costs for owner occupied housing

For modern nations, it is recognized as important that temporal and spatial variations in costs for comparable dwelling services are carefully measured. The costs of owner occupied as well as rental housing have important roles to play in both the consumer price index (CPI) and the System of National Accounts (SNA). The 1993 System of National Accounts (SNA93) specifies that a rental value of the housing stock should be included as part of the aggregates for personal consumption, personal income, income of proprietors and value added for the real estate industry. Yet, little attention has been devoted to an underlying commonality of practice: the implicit assumption that housing cost information for either renters or owner occupiers can be used for assessing movements over time and spatial differences in the cost of housing for both renters and owners, after allowing for differences regarding payment for taxes and certain ongoing expenses such as insurance and utilities. But in the real world, are the services that renters and owner occupiers get from their dwellings comparable? Also, for both renters and owner occupiers, are there place-related differences in the services they derive from their dwellings? And if so, what are the implications for official statistics making? These are the questions raised by the empirical results presented in this paper.     

各国多元租赁房供给模式与启示

在各国的住房市场上,租赁住房具有不可或缺的地位。它既可满足消费者多样化选择,促进人口劳动力的合理流动,平抑售房市场价格,还可减轻政府公共住房的压力。为培养租赁住房市场,各国政府无不运用财税、金融、法律等多种政策鼓励民营资本进入租赁市场,使得非盈利组织、住房合作社、房地产信托基金、保险公司和私人业主成为租赁住房的主力军。借鉴国外经验,遵循《政府工作报告》中“建机制、补短板、兜底线”的精神,补好住房政策中租赁市场欠发达的短板,鼓励民营资本进入,更有效地解决大城市住房难的问题。     

‘House poor’ or simply ‘poor’?

This paper defines a set of indicators for distinguishing housing affordability problems resulting from high rents from those chiefly arising from low income. In place of the common ratio of rent to income, it uses a residual income indicator with indicators of over-consumption and over-paying for housing services. The indicators are computed for a sample of renter households in Switzerland, one of the countries with the greatest rental share. They help define more precisely who needs general income assistance and who needs specific housing aid (only one fourth of the former).     

我国保障性住房政策演变与构建

当前我国保障性住房体系分为出售型保障性住房和租赁型保障性住房两大类,其中出售型保障性住房主要包括经济适用住房和限价商品住房,租赁型保障性住房主要包括廉租住房和公共租赁住房。本文通过系统梳理这几类保障性住房的政策演变,构建我国保障性住房体系的发展方向。     

期房市场价格稳定效应分析及期房政策选择

回顾了商品房预售制度的起源及其在我国的发展,随后从理论层面分析了现房市场价格失效的原因及期房市场对现房市场价格稳定效应的作用机理.最后,结合其它国家和地区期房政策的实践经验,从调整和完善期房市场功能的角度,提出了弱化直接融资功能、发展间接融资功能、保护营销功能、发挥价格稳定功能等政策建议.     

我国保障性住房体系建设现状

随着城市住房向市场化和商品化迅猛推进,部分城市房价也随之一路飙升,中低收入群体无力购房的状况日益突出,并逐渐成了严重的社会问题之一,保障性住房的建设,成了当下政府和民众关注的热点。通过分析我国保障性住房建设情况及存在的问题,本文提出一些针对性的建议。     

我国保障性住房体系建设现状

随着城市住房向市场化和商品化迅猛推进,部分城市房价也随之一路飙升,中低收入群体无力购房的状况日益突出,并逐渐成了严重的社会问题之一,保障性住房的建设,成了当下政府和民众关注的热点。通过分析我国保障性住房建设情况及存在的问题,本文提出一些针对性的建议。     

HOW TO MEASURE LABOUR MARKET EFFECTS OF IMMIGRATION: A REVIEW

Abstract.  This paper surveys available empirical evidence on labour market effects of immigration. Many different approaches have been used already to try to find out whether immigration hurts the labour market opportunities of natives. No doubt new approaches will follow in the future as globalization will keep the migration issue on the agenda. This literature review discusses the different approaches concentrating on both the methodology and the results. At the end, it tries to summarize available evidence.     

关于城市住宅集约化发展的初步思考

文章结合我国城市住宅建设和经营现状,就其如何在有限的城市建设用地中加强集约化发展,从城市住宅开发的档次结构、政府的一部分职责、集约化规划、存量盘活等四个方面进行了初步探讨。     

Hedonic Model在二手房价格分析中的应用——以昆明市为例

以昆明市城区二手房为研究对象,利用Hedonic模型和统计学方法研究房价与特征属性的定量关系。结果表明半对数函数模型的拟合度最高,回归系数表明二手房区位特征中环线位置对房价的影响最大。住宅属性对房价影响程度依次是环线位置、轨道交通、物业管理费、容积率、教育配套、公交线路、装修程度、建筑面积。     

A Meta‐Analytic Assessment of the Effect of Immigration on Wages

Abstract.  In our increasingly interconnected and open world, international migration is becoming an important socioeconomic phenomenon for many countries. Since the early 1980s, many studies about the impact of immigration on host labour markets have been undertaken. Borjas (2003 , The labor demand curve is downward sloping: reexamining the impact of immigration on the labor market. Quarterly Journal of Economics 118(4): 1335–1374) noted that the estimated effect of immigration on the wage of native workers varies widely from study to study and sometimes even within the same study. In addition, these effects cluster around zero. Such a small effect is a rather surprising outcome, given that in a closed competitive labour market an increase in labour supply may be expected to exert a downward pressure on wages. We revisit this issue by applying meta‐analytic techniques to a set of 18 papers, which altogether generated 348 estimates of the percentage change in the wage of a native worker with respect to a 1 percentage point increase in the ratio of immigrants over native workers. While many studies in our database employ US data, estimates are also obtained from Germany, The Netherlands, France, Norway, Austria, Israel and Australia. Our analysis shows that results vary across countries and are inter alia related to the type of modelling approach. Technical issues such as publication bias and quality of the estimates are addressed as well.     

政府与市场关系视角下住房问题治理对策研究

城市住房领域政府与市场关系的研究,对有效解决我国城市住房问题具有重要理论价值和政策含义。在多元经济学范式下分析政府与市场的关系,结合住房和住房市场的特性,探寻社会相互作用的两种基本规则：市场与政府解决住房问题的边界,构建了住房领域政府与市场关系的理论分析框架。在该框架下,探讨我国城市住房问题求解的思路及对策：完善住房市场、健全住房保障体系,发挥“第三方”的作用,促进我国住房市场健康持续发展。     

The housing bubble and a new approach to accounting for housing in a CPI

Over the course of the recent house price bubble in the United States, the price of homes rose rapidly from 1999 Q4 to 2005 Q4 (11.3% annually as measured by the Case-Shiller index, and 8.4% annually as measured by the Federal Housing Financing Agency) but slowly as measured by owner equivalent rents (3.4%), so measured core inflation remained relatively docile during this period, since only rents are used to measure inflation for housing services in the United States. Over the last several decades, the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) has experimented with both rental equivalence and user cost approaches for accounting for owner occupied housing (OOH) services in the CPI. We explain the basics of these approaches, and outline the BLS experiences with using them. This assessment leads us to conclude that the time has come to try a new approach: the opportunity cost approach. We argue this approach has advantages over both the conventional rental equivalence and user cost approaches, though it embeds components of the measures for both those approaches and builds solidly on the research of Verbrugge and others at the BLS. Also, we take up empirical issues that must be faced regardless of which of the approaches discussed is adopted. We explain how the repeat-sales and various hedonic regression methods can be placed in a common framework, thereby facilitating understanding of the properties of and the tradeoffs between the methods. We also consider measurement complications that arise because the land and structure components of properties depreciate at different rates.     

上海市住房有效供给对策研究

从土地供给和房地产开发两方面着手,对上海市住房供给的有效性进行定量分析。土地供给方面主要是：土地供给,总量相对需求不足、供给结构失衡和土地闲置等问题。房地产开发方面则有：投资结构单一、开发档次不合理和住宅施竣比畸高等问题。因而,研究者从制度角度、开发角度和需求角度三方面研究阐述了提高住房供给有效性的对策与建议。     

城镇化大趋势下公租房POA融资及其发展路径

公租房PPP融资模式提供了机构参与公租房投资的渠道,ABS融资模式提供了个人参与公租房投资的进入及退出渠道。如果用经营(简称"0")将两者结合起来形成"POA"融资模式,并辅之以租金补偿机制,就能广泛吸纳社会资金,同时盘活存量资产,充分发挥财政资金的杠杆作用,最大限度为公租房建设融资。     

Strategy-proofness, core, and sequential trade

We extend the Shapley-Scarf (1974) model - where a finite number of indivisible objects is to be allocated among a finite number of individuals - to the case where the primary endowment set of an individual may contain none, one, or several objects and where property rights may be transferred (objects inherited) as the allocation process unfolds, under the retained assumption that an individual consumes at most one object. In this environment we analyze the core of the economy and characterize the set of strategy-proof and Pareto efficient mechanisms. As an alternative approach, we consider property rights implicitly defined by a strategy-proof and Pareto efficient mechanism and show a core property for the mechanism-induced endowment rule.Received: 19 February 2004, Accepted: 14 April 2005, JEL Classification: C71, C78, D71, D78We would like to thank two anonymous referees for valuable comments. Financial support from The Swedish Council for Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences is gratefully acknowledged by Lars-Gunnar Svensson. Financial support from The Jan Wallander and Tom Hedelius Foundation is gratefully acknowledged by Bo Larsson.     

香港住房市场中的政府干预及其启示

首先回顾了香港政府干预私人住房市场的背景和已经使用的政策措施,然后系统总结了其在不同市场条件下干预住房市场的政策选择,并分析了使用这些干预政策所取得的效果。结果表明,香港政府对住房市场的干预,在一定程度上减小了市场波动带来的冲击,但也存在干预目标不能及时调整、货币政策工具有效性未如预期及对需求的干预重视不足等问题。分析研究香港政府干预住房市场的经验与局限性,有利于内地政府提高干预住房市场的有效性。