THE MICROBIOLOGICAL SAFETY OF SLOW COOKING IN ELECTRIC CASSEROLES

Slow cooking is examined from the point of view of micro-biological safety. Temperature penetration rates are examined and related to bacterial numbers found in various meats during and at the end of the cooking period. Possible hazards are pointed out, and preventive measures suggested.     

ENERGY CONSIDERATIONS WHEN COOKING WITH SAUCEPANS

Greater efficiency in terms of utilization of energy in cooking can be achieved by reducing the use of small diameter saucepans. A sheet of household aluminium foil placed below the radiant ring of an electric cooker leads to small but significant energy savings. The life of rings could be shortened if a reflector is used without a saucepan.     

THE EFFECT OF DOMESTIC STORAGE ON THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE,PALATABILITY AND ACCEPTABILITY OF FOOD

The quality of food, that is, its nutritional value, palatability and acceptability can be significantly reduced by unsuitable storage in the home. This paper analyses how people store food, considers how they would like to receive information and stresses the need for more education about home food storage.     

“独立于企业之外集中管理体系”初探

随着改革开放的不断深入，国有企业加快调整，改革，特别是一些集团型国有企业进行产业，行业，工业布局结构调整，采取了剥离有效资产，加强存量资产优化重组，优质资产向优势企业集中，收购，兼并，破产等行之有效的办法，促进了企业的发展，但同时也留下了不少无生产的经营，无设备，无资产的“空壳”企业或亏损企业，     

A COMPARISON OF ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION AND TIME SPENT IN COOKING ON A PLATE AND IN AN OVEN

This study examined the electric energy consumed by the plates and oven of an electric cooker in practical cooking experiments. The supervision demanded by the cooking method and the extent to which the cook was tied to the job were examined on the basis of a time study. The quality of the foods was assessed by sensory evaluation.     

SAUCEPAN LIDS: THE KEY TO LOW ENERGY COOKING

Different cooks use varying amounts of energy to prepare the same meal on identical cookers. Studies of saucepans show losses from open saucepans to be closely linked to the evaporaton of water. The use of a saucepan lid reduced energy during simmering by a factor of five and the moisture release by a factor of 100. Saucepan lids therefore play an important role in energy saving and in minimizing the risk of kitchen condensation troubles.     

投资回收期指标若干问题的探讨

针对基本建设投资回收期指标的正确计算问题 ,从固定资产折旧基金和中国税金的性质、特点入手 ,阐述了折旧和税金应是投资回收资金的观点 ,并认为流动资金的投资也应列入应回收的总投资的范围。     

THE UNEQUALIZING EFFECTS OF ICT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH

We analyse the effects of information and communication technology (ICT) on levels and growth of per capita GDP in two different ways: (1) by treating ICT as a specific type of physical capital and as a variable that helps to correct for quality existing physical capital measures, and (2) by considering that telephone lines, personal computers and internet hosts are ‘bottleneck‐reducing’ factors that increase the productivity of labour by making easier the diffusion and processing of (non‐rivalrous and almost non‐excludable) knowledge. We compare the relative significance of the two hypotheses in level and growth estimates and find that, when separately taken, both of them improve upon the classical Mankiw et al. (Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 107 (1992), pp. 407–437)/Islam (Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 110 (1995), pp. 1127–1169) framework. These findings show that our approach captures dimensions of time‐varying country‐specific technological progress that previous approaches in the literature did not take into account.     

ECONOMIC GROWTH AND THE EFFECTS OF FISCAL POLICY

The macroeconomic effects of fiscal policy are analyzed using a Keynesian growth model. Comparative static analysis shows that the long‐run effects of an increase in public spending and a decrease in taxation on economic growth and government budget balance depend on the relative size of marginal propensity to consume and invest and could be positive under certain conditions. Empirical estimates show that consumption and production structure have changed significantly from 1930s to 2007; both positive and negative effects on growth and budget balance of the same fiscal policy are found in different time periods.     

与日韩共同组建东北亚开发银行的几点设想

东北亚金融合作的滞后已经成为导致区域经济不稳定和制约区域经济合作进一步发展的重要因素。因此,中日韩三国作为东北亚区域的核心国家,应大力加强区域金融合作。其中组建东北亚开发银行作为区域金融合作的一个重要组成部分,对发展东北亚区域经济具有深远意义。本文从中日韩三国合作组建东北亚开发银行的基础、意义入手,对东北亚开发银行的基本模式,组织机构,服务对象及业务活动等进行了阐述,提出了与日韩共同组建东北亚开发银行的几点设想。     

水产品中孔雀石绿检测的若干细节探讨

对高效液相色谱法检测水产品中孔雀石绿的若干细节进行探讨,分析了反提分层、定容分层、定容介质、曲线线性、灵敏度、出峰顺序等问题及成因,提出解决办法,并探讨LMG与MG之间转化的可能机理.这些探讨以期作为日常检测的参考.     

中国奢侈品行业发展的现状与对策研究

中国奢侈品行业的现状 进入21世纪，欧洲国家奢侈品消费开始消退。但在中国，市场容量却在不断增加，成为世界奢侈品行业的主要增长点。到2010年，中国将有2．5亿消费者有能力购买奢侈品，占全球奢侈品消费总需求的1／4。届时，销售额将超过115亿美元，中国奢侈品消费总量将占全球的29％。中国将成为继纽约、巴黎、香港、伦敦和悉尼这五大奢侈品朝圣地之后的另一片乐土。     

THE SUBORDINATION OF BRITISH WOMEN - SOME CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES

We live in an unequal society, half of whose members, women, are thought of as naturally subordinate to and dependent on the other half, men. In spite of considerable advances in the 20th Century, sexist ideology still pervades our everyday lives and women are traditionally subordinate to men in their domestic, work and more general societal roles. What or which are the causal variables in this equation? Is it patriarchy itself which causes the subordination of women in the paid labour market? Is it rather the capitalist mode of production and women's exploited position within this system that is the cause of their economic dependence, and in turn their more general subordination to men? The author considers the subordination of women both historically and in contemporary society.     

THE EFFECTS OF LABOUR MARKET FLEXIBILITY IN THE MONETARY THEORY OF PRODUCTION

The aim of the present work is to study the effects of labour market flexibility on aggregate demand, productivity and employment within the theoretical framework of the Monetary Theory of Production. It is shown that labour market flexibility may not produce unidirectional effects on aggregate demand, productivity and employment, the working of the monetary market being decisive in establishing their levels.     

论贸易摩擦的成因与影响

一、贸易摩擦分析的前提(一)市场经济的不完全性按照西方经济学的一般定义,完全竞争市场是指交换和竞争没有任何阻力和干扰的市场。它需要具备以下假定条件:第一,每一个产品或服务市场都有众多的生产者和消费者;第二,每一项产品或服务是同质的;第三,所有产品的成本和效益都是内     

THE COST OF ILLIQUIDITY AND ITS EFFECTS ON HEDGING

Though liquidity is commonly believed to be a major effect in financial markets, there appears to be no consensus definition of what it is or how it is to be measured. In this paper, we understand liquidity as a nonlinear transaction cost incurred as a function of rate of change of portfolio. Using this definition, we obtain the optimal hedging policy for the hedging of a call option in a Black‐Scholes model. This is a more challenging question than the more common studies of optimal strategy for liquidating an initial position, because our goal requires us to match a random final value. The solution we obtain reduces in the case of quadratic loss to the solution of three partial differential equations of Black‐Scholes type, one of them nonlinear.