MANAGEMENT AGREEMENTS: A TOOL FOR CONSERVATION

Multiple land use management for agriculture, conservation and other objectives is a generally accepted goal. Where land use change is economically beneficial to the landowner and damages conservation values, conflicts arise. Management agreements are one means of resolving such conflicts but they must be set within a better development, policy, information and management framework. Land acquisition by conservation bodies and tax exemptions are alternative means of achieving the same objectives. Few management agreements have yet been negotiated but the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 gives them a central place in resolving such conflicts in the future. Devising equitable methods of financial compensation will be the key to the success of management agreements in resolving land use conflicts.     

Impacts of trade liberalization in Canada's supply managed dairy industry

Trade is an integral part of the Canadian economy. The main institutional drivers governing trade are bilateral and multilateral agreements outlining permissible trade distorting measures. Since its inception in 1972, Canada's supply management system has remained protected throughout trade negotiations. The system appears, by any economic measure, to be having an increasingly disproportional influence in recent trade negotiations. However, trade agreements serve not only to maximize social surplus, but also to maximize some measure of political welfare. Canada has recently negotiated three prominent trade agreements: the Canada-European Union Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) came into effect in the latter part of 2017; the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) came into effect at the end of 2018; and the Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement (CUSMA) could come into effect in 2020. Collectively, these agreements have guaranteed increased market access for fresh and processed dairy products. We build a spatial partial equilibrium model of the Canadian dairy industry consisting of three regions and 10 commodities to assess the individual and cumulative effect of these trade agreements. We pay particular attention to the institutional drivers within today's dairy sector: milk protein isolates; component pricing, including Class 7; and differential demand growth. We find that the aggregate impacts are: (a) a 1.4% decrease in the marginal retail price; (b) a 4.8% decrease in the blended producer price; and (c) an overall increase in social welfare of 7.8%. Worth noting, the decrease in producer surplus varies from 0.7% in the western region to 1.5% in Ontario. Our results may be relevant to future negotiations as well as the publicly promised compensation package for dairy producers.     

跨界鱼群保护与渔业管理组织一一基于集体干预理论的实证分析

跨界和高度洄游鱼群因特殊的生活习性涉及多国管辖海域。沿海国采取单边措施难以起到理想的保护作用,需要国际社会集体干预。国际社会集体干预理论的实践创造了较成熟的国际渔业管理组织模式。跨界鱼群协定对渔业管理组织模式进行了有效规制。我国与周边沿海国家在养护与管理跨界和高度洄游鱼群方面的争端较多。如果能够通过渔业谈判建立必要的渔业管理组织,将在很大程度上缓解此类特殊鱼群衰竭之势并有效化解渔业管理权争端。     

An Investigation of Policy Administrative Costs Using Panel Data for the English Environmentally Sensitive Areas

This paper explores transactions costs in the context of agri‐environmental policy schemes based on management agreements. While transactions costs encompass a wide range of organisational costs, the focus here is on the public‐sector administrative costs of policy implementation. Empirical administrative cost functions were estimated to investigate the factors affecting the magnitude of such costs, using panel data spanning five years for the 22 English Environmentally Sensitive Areas. The extent of participation appears to be important in explaining administrative cost variability across areas. The data suggested the existence of size economics with regard to the numbers of agreements made in any one ESA, and a significant effect of scheme experience in exerting downwards‐pressure on administrative costs. Policy budgeting and evaluation should take into account the non‐trivial costs of organisation, particularly if agri‐environmental schemes based on the procurement of conservation goods through management agreements are to be extended in future.     

ECONOMIC ISSUES FROM THE BROADS GRAZING MARSHES CONSERVATION SCHEME

The paper examines two key issues relating to the use of fixed-price conservational contracts of the type embodied in the new Environmentally Sensitive Area policy in the UK. It uses data for the Broads Grazing Marshes Conservation Scheme (BGMCS). The budgetary costs of the fixed-price contract are compared to those of (i) public purchase of land with leaseback for grazing, and (ii) of individual management agreements. Using a net present value criterion, public purchase emerges as the cheapest option, and management agreements as a superior option in defined circumstances. The paper also explores equity and efficiency issues arising from fixed price contracts. It is concluded that for many farmers and landlords in the BGMCS the fixed payment exceeded what was necessary to achieve the conservational objectives, while at the same time it was less than the profit foregone by farmers who might possibly have switched to arable farming.     

预征收补偿安置协议效力及责任问题探讨

研究目的：分析在集体土地征收程序中的预征收补偿安置协议的效力状态，厘清相关案件的裁判思路。研究方法：立法目的解释、实证研究和原理论证。研究结果：（1）在预征收补偿安置协议未约定条件的情况下，承认协议效力不会与《土地管理法》的规定相抵触，且可以融入民事合同效力体系当中，有利于维护被征收人的合法权益；（2）在征地未获批准阶段，由于土地或房屋发生物权变动的法定条件尚不具备，预征收补偿安置协议虽然生效但在法律上无法得到完整的履行。研究结论：未约定生效条件的预征收补偿安置协议效力状态为已生效，在确定合同无法履行的责任时，需要综合考虑协议的行政性和协议性。     

我国规制IUU捕捞的措施分析

随着全球人口数量的持续增加,渔业资源缺乏的问题不断加剧。IUU Fishing破坏了渔业资源的恢复和再生产能力,影响了渔业资源的可持续利用。论文对IUU Fishing成因进行了分析,发现主要有3方面原因:追求捕捞成本的降低;提高渔获收益;对IUU Fishing的处罚力度小。我国积极履行国际条约和协定规定的义务,完善渔业法律制度,加大处罚力度,完善渔船监控和管理制度,严格执行船舶登记管理制度,加强国际合作,创新渔业资源管理模式,以有效规制IUU Fishing。     

PROBLEMS OF AGRICULTURAL EXTERNALITIES: A CONCEPTUAL MODEL WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH

Using a bargaining model the interaction between agriculture and the environment is explored. Application of the model to nitrogen pollution and management agreements directs attention to the research needs for achieving more rational environmental management     

黑龙江省林业工程建设管理存在的问题与对策

从黑龙江省林业工程建设管理存在滞留林业专项资金、挤占挪用林业专项资金、擅自改变项目计划、林业专项资金地方配套不到位等问题入手,简要分析存在这些问题的原因,提出了强化财政预算管理、建立林业专项资金拨款制度、加强林业专项资金监管、加强林业项目施工建设管理、对地方资金配套应区别对待、进一步落实林业政策,确保退耕还林农户的利益不受侵害等对策建议。     

加强森林培育是东北重点国有林区可持续经营的基础

森林培育是林业的永恒主题。东北林区是重要的生态屏障,也是重要的木材生产战略基地。实施天保工程后,森林培育的扶持政策仍然缺位,措施不力。要长期坚持科学培育,合理利用,促进天然林顺向演替,实现天然林可持续经营。措施:建立森林科学经营体系,实施分类经营;深化体制改革和机制创新,解决经营主体经营权;完善森林调查方法,强化森林经营方案的法律地位;总结经验教训,加强森林抚育管理。建议:延长天保工程期,把重点落到森林培育上;建立森林抚育专项资金;改革森林抚育采伐限额管理制度;加强育林基金管理;依法编制和执行森林经营方案,完善法制保障体系。     

加强企业专项扶持资金审计制度的几点建议

从企业专项扶持资金审计的现状出发,提出了企业专项扶持资金审计中存在的问题,分析了企业专项扶持资金审计存在的难点,提出了加强企业专项扶持资金审计的对策。通过强化对这部分资金的监督管理,充分发挥审计在保障国家经济社会健康运行中的"免疫系统"功能,更好地为政府科学决策、科学管理和建设服务型政府提供审计支持。     

我国海水利用的法律保障:现存问题、域外经验与完善建议

我国海水利用法律体系仍不完善,存在内容缺失、体系不完整等诸多不足,从而制约了海水利用的规模化发展。通过整理与分析不同国家和地区海水利用法律法规建设现状,试图为我国海水利用立法提供专门性立法、适应性管理体制、市场化和多元化发展、必要的补贴和优惠等方面借鉴,并基于我国海水利用法律体系现状,提出我国海水利用法律保障的完善方案应包括构建完善的海水利用立法体系、构建海水利用的市场化机制和管理制度等。     

宁东能源化工基地水务管理体制改革成效与发展对策

探讨了宁夏宁东能源化工基地供水工程水务一体化管理体制改革模式及取得的成效,分析了改革中存在的问题,提出了进一步加快并深化水务管理体制改革的对策措施,为宁夏回族自治区水务管理体制改革提供示范,为西北干旱缺水地区乃至全国工业基地水务管理体制改革提供借鉴。     

用Fuzzy-AHP评价南水北调东线水资源供应链柔性管理

论述南水北调东线水资源供应链柔性管理的基本原理及其度量体系、柔性管理水平综合评价指标体系的设置原则，提出柔性管理水平综合评价的具体操作步骤，用Fuzzy—AHP(模糊层次分析法)对该供应链每个节点企业柔性管理水平进行测度，通过对结果的递推分析，找出企业柔性管理中存在问题的原因，为评价及决策提供一定依据。     

Supply Management: The Past and Future

This paper reviews many of the controversial issues surrounding supply management in the Canadian dairy and poultry sectors. In this context, the underlying theory is extended to include decision making where both joint production and import controls are in place. Also the supply management system is discussed within a rent-seeking framework. This provides both a method by which to analyze the various forces that will either keep the supply management system in operation or lead to its demise, as well as a means by which supply management can be improved. Concerning the former, it appears, for example, that the tariffs under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade are sufficiently high that producers are better off with supply management than with a system with no production controls. If this system falls apart, it will largely be due to internal fighting among provinces and/or producers over expanded market share.     

Is the growth of regionalism as significant as the headlines suggest? Lessons from agricultural trade

The proliferation of regional trade agreements (RTAs) has motivated a significant number of ex post econometric studies investigating their agricultural trade impacts. The general conclusion is that RTAs increase members’ trade by as much as 150%, on average. In this article, we demonstrate that previous empirical work likely misrepresents the impact of RTAs because of considerable heterogeneity in the depth of economic integration pursued by these agreements. Contrary to previous studies, the results reveal that RTAs are not universally trade creating, and some agreements appear to provide very little benefit. “Deep integration agreements,” on the other hand, are largely responsible for the impressive agricultural trade flow increases reported in the literature. Testing the hierarchy of RTAs largely confirms the theory: the benefits of regionalism are an increasing function of the depth of economic integration.     

皂河灌区管理体制改革方案探讨

针对皂河灌区运行管理中存在的问题,探讨了供水公司和用水者协会的任务和运行准则,分析了灌区的水价构成,明确水费的征收方式和使用范围。提出推进灌区管理体制改革必须加强政府的扶持、指导、监督作用,必须进一步开展灌区的综合经营。     

科学构建地质调查安全生产管理体系

构建完善的安全生产管理体系,是科学研究和地质调查工作顺利开展的重要保障。地质调查安全生产管理体系的基本框架包括:明确安全生产管理机构、健全安全管理制度、安全生产目标责任制度、宣传教育和安全培训制度、安全检查制度、重点部门、部位监控制度、专项经费制度。应注意单位专职安全员的配备,重视安全宣传教育,安全检查不能走过场。     

Balancing irrigation multifunctionality based on key stakeholders’ attitudes: Lessons learned from the Muzza system,Italy

This research aims to evaluate the perceptions of and preferences for irrigation multifunctionality based on an analysis of stakeholder’ attitudes in a large irrigation system in Northern Italy, the Muzza canal. As the first artificial canal built in Northern Italy, this canal articulates a network of open earth canals that distribute water for irrigation, especially maize. The Stakeholder analysis approach and Governance model approach are applied. The collected data highlights: (1) each key stakeholder points of view regarding multifunctionality and ecosystem services, (2) the nature of conflicting attitudes regarding who and how the Muzza system is managed, and (3) the ability or inability to promote agreements among conflicting water demands. The results show how public administration is concerned about how to manage ecosystem services provided by irrigation practices, while private services are focused on how to guarantee the coexistence of consumptive and non-consumptive water uses, highlighting the persistent conflict between farming production and environmental protection. The rural community and civil society call for a debate about the future of irrigation multifunctionality in the Muzza system and the role of irrigation practices in landscape provision and management. In addition, the paper examines if multifunctionality is a characteristic or an objective of irrigation systems. These results can be used by researchers and relevant authorities to customize their interventions based on previous, well-structured knowledge of various stakeholders’ priorities.     

湖泊管理组织制度演进及其驱动因素的比较研究——以固城湖和长荡湖为例

以固城湖和长荡湖为对象,运用参与式评估方法和问卷调查获得资料,分析固城湖和长荡湖管理组织制度演进,并在此基础上,运用制度经济学、产权经济学理论和对比分析的方法分析了固城湖和长荡湖管理组织制度演进的驱动因素,分析表明:具有不同利用目标的集团压力之间的力量对比变化是湖泊管理组织制度演进的根本动力;政府部门在湖泊管理中的利益取向与主导管理目标(价值)的一致程度决定其是否能取得湖泊管理主导权的关键因素。最后,文章结合研究结论,给出一些加强湖泊保护的建议。