THE DIFFUSION OF SALT INTO POTATOES DURING BOILING AND CONSUMER PREFERENCES FOR VARIOUS FINAL SALT CONCENTRATIONS

This paper describes an investigation of the diffusion of salt into potatoes, which are boiled in salt water, and the perception by and preferences of the consumer for various final salt concentrations. Potatoes were cooked in boiling salted water and tested by untrained taste panels. It was established that:

• 1 Salt only penetrates the outermost layers of the potato during cooking.
• 2 Despite this fact the cooked potato is perceived as ‘salted’.
• 3 Mashing the potatoes gives a final internal salt concentration of about 0.05 M.
• 4 The internal salt concentration preferred by most people is 0.1–0.15 M.

     

The habit of eating rice in four countries: Japan,China, Spain and France

To determine differences in rice-eating habits in Japan, China (Shandong), Spain (Catalonia) and France (Alsace), the frequency of eating rice, the volume eaten per meal and the varieties of rice dishes were compared. A total of 486 housewives were surveyed: 125 Japanese, 99 Chinese, 141 Spanish and 121 French. Rice was eaten, on average, 12·1 and 8·2 times a week in Japan and China respectively, but only 0·9 times a week in Spain and France. In Japan, China and Spain, more than 50 g (raw rice) per meal was normally eaten. French subjects ate almost the same amount in only 30% of the total time for eating. In all four countries, rice cooked at home was predominant. In Japan, plain rice was an everyday dish, whereas ‘sushi’ was eaten only once every 2 weeks. Chinese everyday rice dishes were plain rice and rice porridge. In Spain, ‘paella’ and ‘boiled rice with tomato sauce’ were popular. Rice was used both as a main ingredient and as a supplementary ingredient in Spain. In France, boiled rice and ‘Creole-style rice’ were eaten as a supplement to main dishes. In these two countries, most rice dishes were seasoned with salt and flavoured with butter or olive oil. Interesting differences in the manner of eating rice and the culinary characteristics of each country are described in this study.     

应用DNA彗星电泳法检测辐照食品

通过彗星电泳法检测样品单细胞DNA损伤从而鉴别辐照食品。[方法]选取12种食品基质,经1KGy、3KGy、5KGy、7KGy、10KGy剂量辐照后,进行彗星电泳检测,并对检测时效性进行研究。[结果]除熟制鸡肉外,其他样品均可通过彗星电泳法检测到辐照状况,检测灵敏度达lKGy辐照剂量;辐照产生的DNA损伤具有明显的剂量-效应关系,以TL、TDNA％指标分析存在平台期,以TM、OTM指标分析则不存在平台期：辐照后6h-5d均可检测到明显的彗星图像。[结论]彗星电泳法适用于除熟制食品外的含DNA食品的辐照检测,方法稳定性好,检测灵敏度高。     

Knowledge and preference for aromatic rice by people in Britain

This study was undertaken to see if people in Britain have knowledge about aromatic rice and if they have a preference for the rice. They know of and have a high preference for aromatic rice and have a high frequency of eating the rice, although they do not usually buy or eat aromatic rice and/or ordinary rice. The sensory test showed that the preferences of aroma, taste and overallpalatability for plain cooked Basmati (aromatic) rice were almost the same as for long grain (ordinary bland) rice. The aroma and taste of the sushi made of Basmati, however, were given higher scores than those of the sushi made of ordinary bland rice. On the other hand, the Japanese panellists did not give higher scores to the plain rice cooked using aromatic rice and to the sushi made of the rice. However, the sushi made of aromatic rice may be found acceptable by Japanese people. This study shows a possible way of making use of aromatic rice in Japan as well as in Britain.     

Peer socialisation: brand-related bullying in the school classroom

ABSTRACT

This paper details a study of brand-related bullying in a school setting, among children approximately 11–18 years of age during their schooling experience. Defined as ‘repeated oppression, psychological or physical, of a less powerful person by a more powerful one’, authors have found self-reported rates of bullying above 25%. Our goal was to assess the role of brands and branded products in violent peer socialisation through bullying. Depth interviews lasting between 45 and 90 minutes that captured the retrospective reflection of forty-one 18–20-year-old college students were conducted and data were analysed hermeneutically with iterative comparison to discover emerging themes. Our findings suggest branded products were used to maintain existing social hierarchical structures and exclude non-conforming students through both covert and overt violence. We describe the influence strategies used and address strategies for dealing with the ‘unusual’, including the adoption of an alternative aesthetic for clothing selection.     

Acceptability and Ethics of Product Placement in Sport Video Games

Product placement in sport video games is an emerging area of marketing and advertising communication, but it also raises controversial ethical issues. In order to investigate these issues from a consumer perspective, this study examines the perceptions of the acceptability of product placement in sport video games (SVGs). Data were gathered from 253 sport video gamers using an online survey. The results indicate that while sport video gamers generally have favorable attitudes toward product placement in sport video games, ethically-charged products such as alcohol, cigarettes, and guns are perceived as less acceptable than other products. Individual differences among sport video gamers are found based on their related attitudes, hours of playing sport video games, and gender. Also, sport video gamers who have favorable attitudes toward product placement, in general, are more likely to intend to purchase a product or brand which may be placed in sport video games.     

Consumer acceptance of quick-cooking rice as food for use in a disaster

The consumer acceptability of a Philippine cultivar quick-cooking rice (QCR) as food for use in a disaster was studied. Test feeding in an evacuation centre involved random selection of 50 young adults and adult evacuees, rehydration of QCR and distribution of test rice samples for sensory evaluation test. The sensory evaluation results showed that more than 90% of the evacuee participants found the colour, texture, taste and overall qualities of the rehydrated QCR to be acceptable. Eighty per cent of the participants described the rehydrated rice to be adequately soft and neither undercooked nor overcooked. The test QCR samples were described by the community kitchen personnel of the evacuation centre as easy to prepare, requiring minimum cooking time and exhibiting homogeneity in doneness when cooked.     

调味带鱼软罐头常压杀菌工艺研究

本文对调味带鱼软罐头常压杀菌工艺进行了较系统的探讨,并对其影响产品质量的关键工艺参数进行了研究。实验表明:带鱼块经油炸后,在pH为4.2、盐度为2%、糖度为16%的调味液中调味,接着在60℃～65℃的条件下烘干脱水至鱼块含水量为40%～42%,然后抽真空封口,并于100℃的水中杀菌40～45分钟后可达到商业无菌并长期保存的目的。     

BLANCHING OF POTATOES BY MICROWAVE ENERGY*

The effect of microwave heating on standard potato cylinders to inactivate enzymes for frozen storage is discussed. There was a greater retention of ascorbic acid after freezing, frozen storage and reheating when compared to similar potato cylinders which had been blanched in boiling water. The pattern of enzyme inactivation was different for microwave blanching when compared to immersion in boiling water. After frozen storage a problem occurred with the microwave-blanched samples regarding inactivation of the enzymes on the surface of the cylinder. To overcome this a two stage process was adopted; ‘dry’ microwave heating followed by immersion in boiling water.     

Does Sleep Really Matter? Examining Sleep among Salespeople as Boundary Role Personnel for Key Job Factors

ABSTRACT

Purpose: Sleep deprivation among employees has become commonplace in the workforce. In the United States, the number of hours individuals sleep per night has declined by an hour and a half per night since the 1960s. As of 2005, seventy-four percent of individuals were getting less than eight hours of sleep per night on weekdays. There are negative ramifications to the organization when employees are sleep deprived such as lost productivity, increased accident rate, and increased absenteeism.

Originality/Value/Contribution of the paper: Although prior research has investigated the impact that sleep deprivation has on unique job positions (e.g., shift workers, transportation), no research has investigated how sleep impacts business-to-business sales employees. Due to the responsibilities of business-to-business sales employees, this type of position should not just be lumped in with other organizational employees. For example, business-to-business sales employees are boundary spanning employees that are responsible for generating revenue for the organization. These sales employees are also more likely to be physically, socially, and psychologically separated from the organization since they frequently work outside of the office. Because of these distinctive roles, this study examines if differences based on sleep duration exist for business-to-business sales employees for two individual and five organizational factors. The two individual factors consisted of grit and happiness while the five organizational factors consisted of perceived organizational support, perceived supervisory support, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intentions.

Methodology/Approach: Data was collected from 320 business-to-business sales employees using a cross industry survey. The survey was conducted using a Qualtrics panel. Sleep duration was broken into two groups with one group consisting of business-to-business sales employees who sleep, on average, seven or more hours per night and the other group consisting of business-to-business sales employees who sleep, on average, six or less hours per night. The sleep duration groups were determined based on prior research that found adults should regularly sleep seven or more hours per night in order to support optimal health. There were one hundred thirty-four respondents who slept six hours or less and one hundred eighty-six respondents who slept seven or more hours, on average, per night.

Findings: The research question developed was answered by examining the differences between means for the two individual constructs and the five key organizational constructs. Differences in sleep duration for six of the seven sales constructs. There were significant differences between those that slept seven or more hours per night from those that slept six or less for grit, perceived organizational support, perceived supervisory support, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intentions. Results found that business-to-business sales employees that slept seven or more hours per night exhibited more grit than those that slept six or less hours per night. In addition, business-to-business sales employees that slept six or less hours per night had higher perceptions of both organizational and supervisory support than those that slept seven or more hours per night. Furthermore, business-to-business sales employees that slept six or less hours per night displayed higher job satisfaction and organizational commitment than sales employees that slept seven or more hours per night. Finally, business-to-business sales employees that slept seven or more hours per night indicated higher levels of turnover intentions than sales employees that slept six or less hours per night. There were no significant differences between the two sleep groups for sales employee happiness. Although some of these results may appear to be counterintuitive, conservation of resources theory can be used to explain these findings.

Research Implications: This exploratory study showcases the importance of good sleep among business-to-business sales employees. This study draws on the conservation of resources theory literature to explain the counterintuitive findings. This theory posits that individuals will retain and guard against resource depletion. Additionally, as resources become depleted, other resources are valued to a greater extent. In this study, the resource being depleted is the condition of sleep. When business-to-business sales employees experience a lower average amount of sleep per night (i.e., six hours or less), they perceive higher levels of support, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment than business-to-business sales employees who experience a higher average amount of sleep per night (i.e., seven hours or more). Although this study provides a good initial examination of how sleep impacts sales organizations, this study also highlights the need for additional business-to-business sales employee sleep research. This is the first study that has examined how sleep duration impacts business-to-business sales employees.

Practical Implications: This study is important to sales research because it highlights the impact that poor sleep of business-to-business sales employees has on the organization. For sales organizations, we provide guidance on ways a sales organization can help promote healthy sleep for their business-to-business sales employees. Some examples of guidance provided can be categorized into four primary categories. These categories include (1) proper sleep education, (2) sales management training, (3) creating a sleep friendly workplace environment, and (4) creating specific workplace policies to minimize sleep disturbances such as setting reasonable work hours and sleep accommodating travel schedules.     

American and British Clergy Attitudes Towards Marketing Activities: A Comparative Study

Churches, in both the US and the UK, are increasingly seen to be engaging in what have been termed marketing activities. A small of studies have investigated the degree to which clergy in the US view the use of rnarketing techniques as acceptable and appropriate. This article rnakes a contribution to the continuing debate surrounding the use of marketing in a church setting by comparing the extent to which American and British clergy views differ: Results indicate that, in general, British clergy are rnore reluctant to countenance the use of merketing techniques within a church context, although a small number of exceptions emerged. In particular; British clergy appeared to be rnore accepting of changes made to the presentation of church doctrine, given changs in society's views of acceptable behaviour.     

A comparison of the cooking performance of different appliances when following food manufacturers' instructions

The purpose of this research was to measure the temperature achieved in, and the microbiological count of, chicken burgers cooked following the preparation instructions given by the manufacturers. The work investigates the cooking of chicken burgers, manufactured by four different companies, cooked at different positions under a grill. Three appliances were used. Each showed uneven distribution of heat and a hot position and cool position was established for each grill. Differences in the temperature of the burgers cooked at different positions on the grills were also found. The burgers at the cool position attained a much lower cooking temperature and had a higher number of microorganisms surviving the cooking. The grill that produced the highest temperatures in the burgers had the lowest number of organisms surviving in the burgers. Only 24 out of the 72 burgers cooked to the manufacturers' instructions attained temperatures above 70°C. Some of the burgers appeared to be cooked when visibly assessed, but the core temperatures were low and had high microbial counts. The results obtained indicate that not all the cooking instructions were satisfactory and not all the appliances performed satisfactorily.     

Export and imperfect hedging

Abstract

This paper considers the effects of trade liberalization on child labor that arises out of subsistence needs. It argues that favorable income effects are most likely to reduce the need for child labor in the South, even when export goods have a necessity character. However, in very poor economies, aggregate hours of child labor can also increase as a result of more open trade. Although the poorest families are the ones who benefit the most from trade in a Heckscher – Ohlin setting, their income gains might not be high enough to make them withdraw their children from work, while adverse income effects can raise the incidence of child labor among the less poor. The paper provides empirical support for the argument by finding that in a country panel, increases in trade openness are associated with significantly smaller reductions in child labor among the poorest food exporters than among food exporters on average.     

Constant supervision of bathing in French public swimming pools: an unrealistic regulatory requirement?

In France, to prevent drowning accidents in public swimming pools (PSPs), bathing must be constantly supervised by qualified staff. However, fatal drowning regularly occurs in supervised aquatic facilities. A review of the literature shows that human supervision is a complex task. The aim of this research is to fully assess the periods during which supervision is not carried out, or carried out in an inadequate manner. The observations made in 108 French PSPs show that supervision is not carried out 18% of the time and that it is carried out inadequately 33% of the time. The medical literature shows that, in order to expect to survive without after-effects, an immersed victim requires intervention within a time limit of not more than three minutes; however, we noted, over a total observation time of 54 hours, 147 periods (29.8%) during which the supervision system was degraded for three minutes or more. This quantification research on the periods of degraded supervision is complemented by an identification of the causes leading to these degradations, from which we can draw interesting areas for improvement, particularly from an organizational point of view, in order to improve safety management in French PSPs.     

快速检测西尼罗病毒胶体金免疫层析试纸条方法的建立

[目的]建立一种能快速区分、简便诊断西尼罗病毒感染的胶体金免疫层析试纸条方法。[方法]采用柠檬酸三钠还原法制备胶体金颗粒,标记西尼罗病毒NS1蛋白,采用双抗原夹心法制备胶体金免疫层析试纸条,对试纸条进行特异性和敏感性评价。[结果]该试纸条可在15min之内完成检测;在敏感性上,该试纸条对阳性血清的检测较美国Focus公司商品化的ELISA试剂盒检测低1个滴度;对89份阴性血清进行检测,试纸条检出9份阳性,ELISA试剂盒检出3份阳性,两种检测的符合率为86.52%,特异性为89.89%。[结论]初步建立了一种可以用于现场快速检测西尼罗病毒的胶体金免疫层析方法,为进一步大规模应用奠定了基础。     

Mismatches Between Actual and Preferred Work Time: Empirical Evidence of Hours Constraints in 21 Countries

This paper analyses the discrepancy between actual and desired working hours in a multinational setting. Using the latest data of the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) with a focus on work orientations hours constraints in 21 heterogeneous countries are analysed. One major finding is that hours constraints are interrelated with macroeconomic variables such as (a) unemployment rates, (b) GDP per capita as a measure of welfare, (c) average weekly work hours, and (d) income inequality. A subsequent multivariate analysis reveals that, on both macro- and microlevels, sociodemographic variables like prosperity and income, high risk of unemployment, and working conditions play an important role in determining working hours constraints. The results further suggest that, with respect to working conditions, such constraints are also affected by gender issues.     

Your Good Name: The Relationship Between Perceived Reputational Risk and Acceptability of Negotiation Tactics

Reputation serves important functions in social interactions. As a result, negotiators should be concerned about protecting their reputations. Using an online experiment with 343 respondents, we examined the impact of perceived reputational risk on the acceptability of potentially questionable tactics. Consistent with and extending previous findings, we found that, the more reputational risk negotiators perceive, the less acceptable they find the tactics to be. In addition, in the business negotiation context, females generally viewed questionable tactics as more reputationally risky and consequently less acceptable than did males, especially when they were primed to think of themselves as being powerful. We end our paper with discussions on contributions and implications of the findings.     

出口冻煮螯虾制品生产中蒸煮灭菌的杀菌值研究

本文应用杀菌学原理,研究了出口冻煮螯虾制品生产中蒸煮灭菌需要达到的合理杀菌值,结果表明其为5.6m in。同时本文还进一步推算了不同规格螯虾、在不同初温时所需的预期蒸煮时间,从理论上确保了出口冻煮螯虾制品的微生物安全性。     

The synergistic effects of maltodextrin and high‐fructose corn sweetener 90 in a fat‐reduced muffin

Low‐fat muffins were prepared using as fat substitutes a combination of maltodextrin and high‐fructose corn sweetener 90 (HFCS‐90), which replaced sucrose at a rate of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. The focus of the investigation was to determine the synergistic effects of these two ingredients on the physical properties in a low‐fat muffin. Results indicated that maltodextrin and HFCS‐90 were effective in maintaining moisture and water activity (a_w) levels similar (P > 0.05) to the full‐fat muffin. Texture profiles indicated that the low‐fat variations were firmer (P < 0.05) than the full‐fat counterpart. Increased levels of HFCS‐90 had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on crust and crumb darkening. Maltodextrin alone significantly (P < 0.05) impeded the staling rate during storage. However, when maltodextrin was combined with increased levels of HFCS‐90, the staling rate accelerated. The two ingredients were found to be effective in maintaining product quality, but HFCS‐90 could only be used up to a 50% replacement before any adverse effects in product quality were observed.     

Individual Differences in the Acceptability of Unethical Information Technology Practices: The Case of Machiavellianism and Ethical Ideology

While information technologies present organizations with opportunities to become more competitive, unsettled social norms and lagging legislation guiding the use of these technologies present organizations and individuals with ethical dilemmas. This paper presents two studies investigating the relationship between intellectual property and privacy attitudes, Machiavellianism and Ethical Ideology, and working in R&D and computer literacy in the form of programming experience. In Study 1, Machiavellians believed it was more acceptable to ignore the intellectual property and privacy rights of others. Programmers and R&D workers considered violating intellectual property rights more acceptable. Programmers did not consider violating privacy rights more acceptable, but R&D workers did. Finally, there was an interaction between Machiavellianism, programming and R&D. Machiavellians who also had programming experience or worked in R&D found violations of intellectual property much more acceptable. The effect of Machiavellianism on attitudes toward violations of privacy was enhanced by working in R&D, but not by programming experience. In Study 2, idealists believed it was less acceptable to ignore the intellectual property and privacy rights of others. Relativists found it more acceptable to violate intellectual property rights, though they did not consider it more acceptable to violate privacy rights. Those with programming experience were more accepting of intellectual property rights violations, but not of privacy violations. Finally, programming experience moderated the relationship between idealism, relativism and attitudes toward these unethical information practices. Implications for diminishing unethical behavior among Machiavellians, Relativists, programmers and those in R&D are discussed.