Club Convergence in Carbon Dioxide Emissions

We examine convergence in carbon dioxide emissions among 128 countries for the period 1960–2003 by means of a new methodology introduced by Phillips and Sul (Econometrica 75(6):1771–1855, 2007a). Contrary to previous studies, our approach allows us to examine for evidence of club convergence, i.e. identify groups of countries that converge to different equilibria. Our results suggest convergence in per capita CO₂ emissions among all the countries under scrutiny in the early years of our sample. However, there seem to be two separate convergence clubs in the recent era that converge to different steady states. Interestingly, we also find evidence of transitioning between the two convergence clubs suggesting either a slow convergence between the two clubs or a tendency for some countries to move from one convergence club to the other.     

Convergence in Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions Among G7 Countries: A TAR Panel Unit Root Approach

The subject of this paper is the examination the convergence of per capita carbon dioxide emissions of the G7 countries during the 1960–2005 period in a nonlinear panel analysis framework. In this approach, first the linearity of the series was tested, and when the linearity was rejected, the threshold autoregressive (TAR) panel unit root test, which splits the data into two regimes, was employed to examine the stationarity properties of the series. Because the null of linearity was rejected in the first step, we tested the stationarity of the series using the TAR panel unit root test. In the TAR panel unit root test, we found that the United Kingdom was the transition country whose per capita carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions determined the switch from one regime to the other. The results showed that convergence existed in the first regime and divergence, in the second. When we tested whether absolute or conditional convergence existed, we found that the per capita CO₂ emissions were conditionally converging in the first regime.     

Accounting for Australian Carbon Dioxide Emissions*

This paper provides an accounting for carbon dioxide emissions arising in Australia by final demand deliveries responsible, using input-output andprimary energy input data for 1982-83. Commodities are ranked by emissons per unit and total emissions. It is shown how the methodology employed usefully structures analysis of emissions reductions options, and can compute the system wide implications of specific measures in terms of total emissions. It is established that emissions arising in producing for export are approximately the same as emissions attributable to imports.     

能源价格与中国碳排放量的调节

利用直接效用模型与岭回归分析方法,以1989—2009年的年度数据为样本,以能源价格为解释变量,碳排放量为被解释变量,能源消费、能源效率和经济发展为中间变量,初步探究能源价格波动对中国碳排放量的调节作用。结果表明：无论是能源价格变量单独作用还是与其他变量联合作用,能源价格都会对碳排放量产生不同程度的调节作用,调节程度的强弱主要取决于引入变量与碳排放量之间的相关性。     

Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the U.S. Economy: A Structural Decomposition Analysis

This paper provides an empirical analysis of the impact of various influences on carbon dioxide emissions. It incorporates methodological refinements of input-output structural decomposition analysis, which is the examination of economic change by means of a set of comparative static variations in key parameters of I-O tables. The analysis is performed using a two-tiered KLEM model, which allows for estimation of substitution and technological change effects within and between input aggregates. The model is used to decompose the sources of change in CO₂ emissions in the U.S. over the 1972–82 timeframe using hybrid energy/value tables for the initial and terminal years. Results show the significant effect of substitution within the energy sector and between energy and other inputs as the leading causes of the decline in carbon dioxide emissions.     

基于减物质化的中国碳排放分析

了解经济发展与环境压力之间的关系,以及环境压力与其驱动因素间的关系是制订与调整各项环境政策,从而减少或缓解经济发展所带来环境压力的前提与基础.文章以当今学术界较为广泛认同的减物质化概念为基础,从理论上介绍了经济增长与环境压力之间的相互关系,并从废弃物排放的角度以二氧化碳排放总量表征环境压力,探讨了中国1952～2005年经济增长与环境压力之间的关系,即该阶段的去物质化发展状况,采用收入弹性分析了环境压力与其驱动因素间的关系,得出结论:1952～2005年间,中国经济平均每增长1%将使得碳排放增长0.75%,碳排放强度减少0.25%,环境压力增长2.21%,中国已经处干碳排放的相对减物质化阶段,但是状况尚不稳定,仍存在小幅度反弹的现象.     

我国能源消耗和二氧化碳排放的历史特征研究

过去50年是全球气候变暖最显著的50年,全球气候变化已经成为国际社会最为关注的问题。我国是世界上最大的发展中国家,二氧化碳总排放量已经跃居世界第一,担负着减少二氧化碳排放,遏制全球气候变暖的重任。文章采用表观能耗估算法对我国大陆地区的历史能源消耗产生的二氧化碳排放清单进行了估算。研究结果显示,我国以煤为主的能源结构和经济发展优先的发展模式导致了我国巨大的二氧化碳排放量,虽然二氧化碳排放总量每年递增,但是单位GDP产生的二氧化碳排放强度却比较低,呈逐年递减的趋势,人均二氧化碳排放量水平相对发达国家也较低。文章研究结论为我国能源安全和生态环境的可持续发展提供了研究基础。     

中国省域二氧化碳排放量的空间自相关分析

相邻原则构造空间邻接矩阵,以全局自相关和局部自相关分析研究我国省域2000～2008年二氧化碳排放量空间差异性。全局空间自相关指数(Moran's I)统计值由2000年0.159增大到2001年0.202 9,后减小到2007年的0.197 9,继续减小到2008年的-0.034 9,趋势分析表明:中国省域碳排放量在2000～2007年之间存在空间正相关,且总体上呈减弱趋势,到2008年呈显著性很弱的负相关。对局部空间自相关指数分析确定了碳排放量的空间集聚模式及空间演变态势,其散点图揭示我国存在中东部碳排放量高而西部低的空间聚集现象。并对我国减少二氧化碳排放,走上低碳发展道路,实现全国经济健康、协调、可持续发展提出相关建议。     

基于IPAT公式的省际间碳排放驱动因素比较研究

现阶段深入研究我国各省区经济发展中碳排放增长的驱动因素,对有的放矢地制定减排政策,发展低碳经济和应对气候变化有着重要的理论和现实意义。基于IPAT公式,对1999—2008年我国各省区碳排放数据进行分析,结果显示近10年来各省区碳排放量均有增加,不同省区驱动因素的作用不同,多数省区单位GDP能耗和碳排放强度都出现下降的趋势,表明节能减排工作取得一定成效。但单位能源的碳强度出现增长趋势,加上我国正处在工业化和城市化的加速时期,具有对能源和碳排放的需求刚性,因此我国未来的减排工作依然充满挑战,藉此提出了开展碳减排的政策建议。     

境外旅游业减排对策研究进展

旅游业减排对策是近年来国际可持续旅游研究领域中的核心命题。历年来有关旅游业减排对策研究文献的回顾表明,随着国际旅游业界对全球气候变化问题的不断反思,以及对旅游业碳排放水平认知的不断深化,研究人员分别针对旅游者、旅游企业、政府、旅游相关行业协会与组织机构、旅游目的地等不同对象,就旅游业减排的技术方法、管理措施、消费行为方式及相关的减排政策进行了大量的研究,并在可再生能源利用、低碳旅游消费、旅游"碳管理"、自愿"碳抵消"机制、航空"碳税"政策及"碳中和目的地"等领域形成了一些共识。     

Stochastic Divergence or Convergence of Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Re-examining the Evidence

This paper revisits the time-series literature on the convergence of per capita carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions and examines the robustness of previous results. Using a sample of OECD countries for the period 1950–2002 we employ a battery of stationarity and unit root tests including those that allow for cross-sectional dependencies within the panel. We also correct for inaccuracies in previous studies that could result in a trend-stationary series being labelled as converging even if it were actually diverging from the international average. The body of evidence provided by our analysis suggests that per capita CO₂ emissions have not converged among OECD countries during the period under consideration. This finding is of importance to both climate change policy makers and to those who construct climate change models.      

Testing for Convergence in Carbon Dioxide Emissions Using a Century of Panel Data

This paper tests the convergence in per-capita carbon dioxide emissions for a collection of developed and developing countries using data spanning the period 1870–2002. For this purpose, three recently developed panel unit root tests that permit for dependence among the individual countries are employed. The results lend strong support in favor of convergence for the panel as a whole. Estimates of the speed of this convergence is also provided.      

Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Queensland Electricity Supply Industry: Gas and Carbon Tax Scenarios

This article examines various greenhouse gas scenarios for the electricity supply industry in the coal‐rich state of Queensland. The authors use a dynamic partial equilibrium model of the Queensland electricity system to examine the effects of four alternate policy scenarios: a business‐as‐usual case, a centrally planned gas‐fired case, and two carbon tax scenarios– the first in which the merit order of coal and gas plant is reversed, and the second in which fuel switching is undertaken. The results indicate that no scenario is capable of delivering sufficient cuts in emissions to meet a ‘Kyoto equivalent’ industry target. While fuel switching brought about the greatest reduction in emissions, the high cost of this scenario indicates that a more efficient outcome for the electricity supply industry in Queensland would be a broad‐based Australia‐wide approach to emissions abatement, so that carbon reductions can be accessed from industries capable of achieving lower cost emissions abatement.     

我国各行业能源消耗与碳排放的灰色关联度分析

分析了我国农业、工业、建筑业、交通运输、仓储和邮政业、批发、零售和住宿、餐饮业、其他行业及生活消费(2000～2009年)的能源消耗与其所产生的碳排放的灰色关联度,根据灰色关联度的计算,找出了影响碳排放的关键能源因素,引入了含有趋势系数的灰色关联度,进一步分析了能源消耗增长率与碳排放增长率的关系,并给出了相应的政策建议,为我国各行业的低碳经济发展提供了参考。     

Transport and CO2: Productivity Growth and Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the European Commercial Transport Industry

In the last decades transport activities persistently increased in the EU27 and were strongly coupled to growth in gross domestic product. Like most production processes, they are inevitably linked with the generation of environmentally hazardous by-products, such as CO₂ emissions. This leads to the question of how to promote a sustainable transport sector that meets both environmental protection targets and economic requirements. In this context, the objective of this paper is to compare the CO₂-sensitve productivity development of the European commercial transport industry for the period between 1995 and 2006. We calculate a Malmquist-Luenberger productivity index to investigate the effects of country-specific regulations on productivity and to identify innovative countries. Our results show a high variation in the CO₂-sensitive productivity development and a slight productivity decrease on average. Efficiency losses indicate that the majority of the countries were not able to follow the technological improvements induced by some innovative countries.     

城市主要化石能源二氧化碳排放分析研究——以广州市为例

在构建低碳城市过程中,对主要化石能源二氧化碳排放量的研究至关重要.该研究以广州市为例,通过计算广州市原煤、焦炭、原油、汽油、柴油五大化石能源20年的二氧化碳气体排放量,并通过逐步回归分析模型得出各类化石能源对温室气体排放总量的影响程度,针对各类能源提出节能减排对策,对其他城市具有借鉴意义.     

Carbon Dioxide Emissions of Korea and Japan and Its Transmission Via International Trade

We estimated total CO2 emissions of Japan and South Korea for 1990 using the familiar input-output model. The differences in CO2 emission between two countries are decomposed into their components, and effects of international trade on domestic CO2 emissions are analyzed for both countries. We show that, even though the absolute level of emission is much lower in South Korea than in Japan, total emission intensities are generally higher in the former. Korean exports to Japan are more emission intensive than the reverse, while exports of both countries to the rest of the world are more emission intensive than their bilateral trade. [F14]