Road and transport infrastructure development and community support for tourism: The role of perceived benefits,and community satisfaction

This study investigates the impact of road and transportation infrastructure on community support for tourism in the context of the China-Pakistan economic corridor (CPEC), a multi-billion-dollar mega project. Utilizing social exchange theory, the authors examined a positive relationship between perceived impact of road and transport infrastructure development and local community support for tourism through perceived environmental impact, perceived tourism benefits, and perceived community satisfaction. The data was collected through an online survey from 350 people living along the CPEC route in Pakistan. Results revealed that perceived impact of CPEC road and transport infrastructure is positively related to community support for tourism, and perceived tourism benefits and community satisfaction play a mediating role in this relationship. Findings of this study not only contribute to the tourism literature, but also provide significant implications for officials to develop policies for promoting tourism development.     

The impacts of local arts agencies on community placemaking and heritage tourism

The arts and culture have been shown to foster economic development by attracting workers and businesses in the knowledge industry, spurring tourism, and improving the housing market. However, beyond financial capital, they significantly impact other forms of capital in the community, as well. The Community Capital Framework (CCF) is an analytical tool widely used to observe and critique the relationships among various types of community assets: social, human, financial, creative, built, natural, and political. This study used the CCF to assess the impacts of community-based arts centers on their communities, particularly on heritage tourism. The results demonstrated effects on social, environmental, and business assets, primarily in the financial, social, cultural, and human capitals. The results can be used by community leaders as a starting point when discussing the costs and benefits of investing in a new local arts agency.     

Tourism and ethnicity: The brotherhood of coconuts

This paper relates the impact of tourism development in the coastal area of Malindi, Kenya, to the stimulation and negotiation of ethnic conflict within the host community. The thesis is that tourism acts as a catalyst for the re-interpretation of identity among members of the local community who depend on or are otherwise affected by the industry and its many businesses. One implication is that the observed inter-ethnic relationships within this community should be understood as having been mitigated by tourism. A further implication is that the tourist contact may result in unforeseen outcomes that may or may not favor further tourism development.     

Residents’ perceptions on the traffic impact of a special event: a case of the Macau Grand Prix

Special events may cause significant disruptions to the community and affect the daily lives of the local residents. This study examines how local residents perceive the traffic impact of a major tourism event, the Macau Grand Prix, which is an annual event that takes place on a circuit around the streets of the city, Macao. An exploratory factor analysis reveals five factors regarding the traffic impacts of the event, and the residents of different transportation modes have distinct views on the traffic measures. Bus transit and pedestrian traffic management is found to be the most effective. The result provides the event organizer implications and assessment for the traffic planning and management measures in gaining support from the community.     

乡村旅游的社区参与、居民旅游影响感知与社区归属感的关系研究——以浙江安吉乡村旅游地为例

文章通过分析国内外相关文献,运用结构方程模型（SEM）方法,构建乡村旅游的社区参与、居民旅游影响感知与社区归属感的结构方程模型,对社区参与、居民旅游影响感知与社区归属感的关系进行探讨。以浙江安吉为例,采用Amos7.0软件对模型进行参数估计和假设检验,结果表明：社区参与对旅游感知、社区归属感均具有显著的正向影响,其路径系数在0.173～0.606之间,t值介于2.042～9.954,显著性概率P小于0.001或0.05,模型所建立的因果关系与研究假设相符合,模型可以接受。同时提出乡村旅游发展的相关建议,有利于乡村旅游可持续发展。     

大型投资集团介入对于海滨旅游地影响研究——广东惠州巽寮湾案例

通过面向社区居民的深度访谈和问卷调查发现,大型投资集团北京金融街公司整体介入开发对于巽寮湾海滨度假区的经济、社会和生态环境均产生了显著影响。当地居民按照对影响感知的不同可划分为积极的支持者和淡漠的反对者,其中积极的支持者占大多数。总的来看,金融街公司整体介入有力推动了巽寮湾度假区再开发进程,大部分当地居民从中受益,现阶段当地居民对于金融街公司介入巽寮湾开发的影响感知和态度较为积极。在国内众多投资集团大规模介入海滨旅游地开发的背景下,巽寮湾度假区再开发的旅游与社区一体化模式具有一定的积极示范意义。     

旅游影响下传统社区空间变迁的理论探讨——基于空间生产理论的反思

空间是传统社区旅游的核心吸引要素,是游客体验的对象,也是社区旅游业可持续发展的基础。文章以传统社区(社会)空间为研究对象,依照社会建构主义的研究范式,以列斐伏尔(Lefebvre)的空间生产理论为指导,对旅游与传统社区空间生产之间的关系进行理论上的探讨,旨在为后续的旅游影响研究提供理论上的依据。研究发现:旅游影响了传统社区空间变迁的根本原因在于游客成了传统社区空间生产的主体之一;旅游利益相关者是传统社区空间的主要建构者,并通过占有传统社区的土地成为社区空间的直接生产者;空间生产主体的多元化、主体生产目标和行动的错位是导致旅游影响下的传统社区空间生产过程中矛盾多发的主要原因之一。     

Visitor spending and economic impacts of heritage tourism: a case study of the Silos and Smokestacks National Heritage Area

Heritage is regarded as one of the most significant and fastest growing components of tourism. The development of heritage tourism as a generator of income besides the enhancement of community pride and identity has emerged as an objective of both heritage sites and tourism planning. The discretionary nature of expenditures in heritage tourist places makes it crucial to understand visitor spending pattern. This is key in demonstrating the economic contribution to the community for the tourism planners. This presentation is based on an intercept survey of travelers to the Silos and Smokestacks National Heritage Area (SSNHA), comprising 37 counties in Northeast Iowa. Visitor spending pattern is discussed among four categories of heritage sites in the SSNHA: farms, museums, parks and gardens, and businesses. IMPLAN Input–Output Model is utilized to generate the direct, indirect and induced economic impact in the area.     

Residents' perceptions of tourism development in Benalmádena (Spain)

This study examines the residents' perceptions of the impact of tourism in Benalmádena and the profiles of the residents according to socio-demographic characteristics. A questionnaire assessed how these characteristics influence the residents' perceptions towards the environment, economy, and socio-cultural aspects. The survey was administered to a stratified sample of 770 residents in Benalmádena. Results show a significant effect of socio-demographic variables on perception of tourism impact. The educational background, place of birth and how long respondents had been living in the community explain a significant amount of the variance in overall attitudes. Interaction analyses revealed that place of birth moderated the relationship between the tourism dimensions and the years of residence. For instance, the respondents with less than five years of residence showed more positive attitude towards the impact of tourism. We offer a profile of these residents according to their perceptions of the impact of tourism in their community.     

旅游影响研究进展

旅游影响包括旅游的经济、环境和社会影响。对它的研究于20世纪印年代始于英语国家，并逐渐成为旅游研究中一个非常重要的领域。本文在对所能获得的有代表性的国外(主要是英文资料)和国内有关其研究的论著进行分析的基础上，对国内外旅游经济、环境和社会影响的研究进行了简要的回顾和评述。     

‘What’s the Story in Balamory?’: The Impacts of a Children’s TV Programme on Small Tourism Enterprises on the Isle of Mull,Scotland

Film- and television-induced tourism effects have been witnessed in a number of locations world-wide, creating a range of positive and negative impacts for host communities and environments. The children’s television programme Balamory, filmed on the Isle of Mull, Scotland, has created a new tourism phenomenon for the island, leading to concern that Mull’s reputation as a green destination for the discerning might be displaced by a less desirable form of tourism. Through a questionnaire survey of tourism businesses on Mull, this paper explores the perceptions of television-induced tourism and the effect of Balamory on business activity during the 2003 season, exploring customer numbers, spending, turnover and profitability, along with attitudes to the new visitors. The research also explores the implications for sustainable tourism development, particularly recognising the limited life-span of film- and television-induced tourism and issues relating to displacement of traditional markets, with an emphasis on sustaining tourism as a means of generating revenue to support a rural island community.     

俱乐部旅游:实施、意义与前景

本文根据实地调研，讨论国内新近出现的一种新的旅游方式——俱乐部旅游。文章首先分析这种旅游方式成功实施的三要素，即相关主体、旅游线路设计、物质准备及费用；其次，从旅游者、当地社区、旅游组织者以及旅游目的地生态环境和遗产保护等角度，对俱乐部旅游进行收益分析，并同时与其他旅游方式进行效益比较；第三，通过讨论俱乐部旅游与“大众旅游”、“自助旅游”、“另类旅游”以及“活动旅游”等旅游概念的关系，对其进行学术定位；最后，从俱乐部旅游的易行性、潜在的参加者群体、与户外健身运动的关联性、以及中国户外运动资源等4个方面，指出俱乐部旅游在中国的发展前景。     

海陵岛旅游的社会文化影响研究

本文选择广东海陵岛闸坡镇和海陵镇两镇,通过比较研究来探讨旅游业发展对于其社会文化的影响.研究发现旅游比较成熟的闸坡镇的社会文化环境在旅游业发展的冲击下已经发生了明显的变迁:居民生活的环境不断改善、基础设施不断完善,更重要的是社区居民的思想意识、文明水平、普通话水平、思想开放度等都明显提高.与此同时也导致了赌博、抢劫、卖淫等犯罪现象的增多.海陵镇由于较少涉足旅游业,还没有对当地社会文化产生太大的影响,社区居民对于影响的感知也很少,但是由于受经济利益和社会收益提高的吸引,当地居民表现出对参与旅游业很浓厚的兴趣.     

The perceived impact of tourism by residents a case study in Santa Marta,Colombia

Studies of the local population's perception of tourism impact are useful in setting up programs to minimize friction between tourists and residents, and in formulating plans to gain resident support of tourist ventures. This study identifies the positive and negative aspects of tourism as perceived by the Santa Marta residents, and the influence of selected variables on resident response. It is hypothesized that the perception of tourist impact varies with the distance a person lives from the tourist zone and with the resident's socio-economic status. It is found that despite the perception of some serious negative aspects, Santa Marta residents consider the overall impact of tourism to be beneficial. They want their government to offer more economic incentives and eliminate any restrictive measures in order to stimulate tourism in the area. The positive attitudes of the Santa Marta residents toward tourism may be a function of the incipient stage of tourism development in this area.     

Assessing the economic impact of a UNESCO World Heritage designation

Grand Pré Historic Site in Nova Scotia (Canada) is in the process of applying for a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Site (WHS) designation. Conventional wisdom is that such a designation would generate public awareness and increase visitation to the site. The goal of this paper is to estimate the impact of a WHS designation on tourist visitation and related expenditures. Various tourism statistics (covering 1990–2008) for Nova Scotia and its only other established UNESCO site – Lunenburg (designated in 1995) – served as data. Regression analysis produced an estimate of the tourist visitation impact that a WHS designation had on Lunenburg, and could be expected to have on Grand Pré. An increase of 6.2% in tourist visitors due to a WHS designation was estimated. Survey data collected at Grand Pré provided average spending per visitor. The economic impacts were analyzed under both a projected and a historical scenario of visitation. Based on its 10-year historic visitation average, a WHS designation for Grand Pré would generate an increase of 3000 visitors per year. These visitors would generate spending of approximately $200,000 annually in the local economy. Such spending would provide a boost to the local tourism industry, which has experienced significant decline in recent years.     

旅游对传统村落的影响研究——以安徽齐云山为例

旅游影响一直是国内外旅游研究的重要课题,旅游地居民对旅游发展的感知是研究旅游影响的重要途径。此次调查以安徽省黄山市休宁县齐云山为例,采用问卷调查和现场访谈相结合的方式,运用SPSS、CATPACTM等软件对调查结果进行数理统计,从居民与游客角度分析了旅游开发给齐云山居民带来的经济、社会文化、环境的若干影响,以及居民对旅游业所持的态度。文章着重于探讨居民对于因旅游开发所带来的村落影响的感知,以及他们对于当前旅游影响的评测和对未来旅游发展的期待。     

中国沿海地区旅游绿色发展对生态环境质量的影响分析

推动沿海地区旅游绿色发展，减少旅游业对资源与环境的压力，有利于保护旅游目的地的海洋生态系统，实现旅游与生态协调可持续发展。本研究以2011—2020年中国沿海地区11个省（市、区）面板数据为研究样本，采用空间计量模型估计方法，分析沿海地区旅游绿色发展对生态环境质量的影响。结果表明：（1）中国沿海地区旅游绿色发展水平与生态环境质量持续、稳步提升，且在地理空间上呈现较显著的空间集聚与关联特征；（2）旅游绿色发展对生态环境质量具有明显的正向影响及空间溢出效应，中国沿海地区各省份旅游绿色发展水平每提升1%，本地生态环境质量将上升0.302%，邻近省份将上升0.139%；（3）旅游绿色发展与第三产业、科技支出的交互作用能够有效增强其对生态环境质量的正向影响，但与第二产业、人口数量的交互作用会降低其对生态环境质量的正向影响。为实现中国沿海地区旅游绿色转型发展，应重视海洋第三产业发展及科技水平提升，促进污染排放整体下降，提升生态环境质量。     

Research engagement,impact and sustainable tourism

In this editorial, we reflect on how the Journal of Sustainable Tourism can contribute towards sustainable tourism researchers achieving more impact with their research. We propose some changes that can be tested in, and introduced gradually and collaboratively with, the community of the editorial board and authors. To support impactful mind sets, we will promote research that reflects diverse academic communities. To promote impactful research topics, we will encourage authors to frame their submitted articles against the Sustainable Development Goals, while research that is time sensitive will be fast tracked so it can contribute to current debates. To promote impactful methodologies, we shall favour articles that use mixed methods and action research, and those that conduct longitudinal, experimental, and evaluative research. To promote impactful partnerships, we will favour multidisciplinary approaches and research that has been co-created with stakeholders. To promote impactful communication and dissemination, we will continue to build an online community on social media for sustainable tourism researchers, we will promote articles in social media to raise their visibility, and we will provide free access to those articles that are deemed to have the greatest potential to impact positively on society.     

Managing heritage tourism in Toraja: strengthening local values and improving tourists’ experiences

Toraja, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, is a tourist destination known best for its ethnicity and was one of the main tourist destinations in Indonesia during the 1990s. Since 2011, the government has again designated Toraja a priority strategic tourism area in its national tourism development plan. This case study describes opportunities for, and issues associated with, heritage tourism in Toraja and explores community perspectives on tourism. The fieldwork data and secondary data were used in preparing the detailed plan for the National Tourism Strategic Area of Toraja (KSPN Toraja). The opportunities for heritage tourism in Toraja include, among others, an emerging Asian market, better transport access to the region, and central government resources and programs to complement those of the local government. The core issues of local community concern include the need to conserve Torajan heritage and to strengthen local values; develop and nurture culture alongside tourism; balance heritage conservation with tourism; and the need for better interpretation to convey local wisdom to enhance the visitor experience.     

Modeling community support for a proposed integrated resort project

In recent years Mauritius has experienced a rapid increase in integrated resort developments, which have been intended to secure income from new tourism segments and to boost the local economy. Using data on the responses of residents of Le Morne, Mauritius, to a proposal to construct an integrated resort, this study develops and tests a model of community support for the proposed development. The structural model indicates that residents' satisfaction with their own community, their utilization of the resource base, their perceptions of the state of the local economy and their environmental attitudes are antecedents of their views about the costs and benefits of the project. Opinions about the benefits and costs of the project were also found to determine the level of community support. All factors in the model were found to be determinants of the perceived costs and benefits of the project, except for residents' perceptions of the impact of the development on their utilization of the resource base. The theoretical and managerial implications of the study are discussed. The most notable contribution of the study is its findings on the influence of residents' satisfaction with community services on their attitudes and support for tourism development.