人民币汇率及预期对进口价格的门限传递效应:考虑边际成本可变性的分析

文章通过构建不完全竞争市场条件下的两期动态模型,分析了汇率预期的存在和厂商边际成本的可变性对汇率传递效应的影响,并使用Hansen(1999)提出的门限回归法就人民币汇率和汇率预期对进口价格的传递效应进行了实证检验。理论分析显示,汇率对进口价格的传递系数受消费需求弹性的影响可正可负,汇率升值预期会降低进口价格水平,而边际成本的可变性使得汇率对进口价格的传递会随着汇率和汇率预期的变化存在门限效应。实证分析结果表明,人民币汇率对进口价格的传递系数为负,人民币升值预期的存在导致了进口价格下降,且当汇率和汇率预期变化达到一定门限值后,汇率传递程度会发生显著变化。     

人民币汇率及预期对进口价格的门限传递效应:考虑边际成本可变性的分析北大核心CSSCISSCI

文章通过构建不完全竞争市场条件下的两期动态模型,分析了汇率预期的存在和厂商边际成本的可变性对汇率传递效应的影响,并使用Hansen(1999)提出的门限回归法就人民币汇率和汇率预期对进口价格的传递效应进行了实证检验。理论分析显示,汇率对进口价格的传递系数受消费需求弹性的影响可正可负,汇率升值预期会降低进口价格水平,而边际成本的可变性使得汇率对进口价格的传递会随着汇率和汇率预期的变化存在门限效应。实证分析结果表明,人民币汇率对进口价格的传递系数为负,人民币升值预期的存在导致了进口价格下降,且当汇率和汇率预期变化达到一定门限值后,汇率传递程度会发生显著变化。     

人民币汇率变动对中国贸易价格的影响研究

文章基于汇率传递的视角,详细考察了中国贸易价格的汇率传递问题,通过构建贸易价格指数和汇率指数,分析了中国总体、分类商品、分贸易伙伴的汇率传递弹性及其对称性。从总体上看,中国贸易价格的汇率传递弹性具有不完全传递的特征,出口和进口的价格汇率传递弹性仅约为20%,且两者变化均与人民币汇率变动密切相关。从分类商品上看,各类商品的汇率传递弹性体现出明显的异质性,其中,矿产品和化工产品的出口汇率传递弹性较大,动植物和金属产品的进口汇率传递弹性较高。人民币汇率变动方向和幅度对汇率传递的影响基本存在对称性,人民币汇率制度改革也并未明显影响汇率传递的程度。从分国别上看,以美国和韩国为例,中国与前者贸易价格的汇率传递弹性明显较大,是与后者的2.5~3倍左右。     

人民币汇率变动对中国贸易价格的影响研究北大核心CSSCISSCI

文章基于汇率传递的视角,详细考察了中国贸易价格的汇率传递问题,通过构建贸易价格指数和汇率指数,分析了中国总体、分类商品、分贸易伙伴的汇率传递弹性及其对称性。从总体上看,中国贸易价格的汇率传递弹性具有不完全传递的特征,出口和进口的价格汇率传递弹性仅约为20％,且两者变化均与人民币汇率变动密切相关。从分类商品上看,各类商品的汇率传递弹性体现出明显的异质性,其中,矿产品和化工产品的出口;12率传递弹性较大,动植物和金属产品的进口汇率传递弹性较高。人民币汇率变动方向和幅度对汇率传递的影响基本存在对称性,人民币汇率制度改革也并未明显影响汇率传递的程度。从分国别上看,以美国和韩国为例,中国与前者贸易价格的汇率传递弹性明显较大,是与后者的2．5～3倍左右。     

人民币汇率变动与出口价格:一个分析框架与实证检验

汇率在维持一国经济内部平衡和外部平衡时起着至关重要的作用,是开放经济环境下的核心工具变量。本文在现有研究的基础上,基于不完全竞争市场结构建立了一个适合于我国汇率传递研究的分析框架,并将其应用于我国商品出口价格汇率传递的实证检验。细分行业的实证研究表明,我国商品出口价格存在不完全汇率传递现象,而且不同商品分类之间的汇率传递程度存在较大差异。     

人民币汇率传递对我国物价水平影响的实证分析:2005～2008

本文考察了2005年7月至2008年2月期间人民币汇率变动对我国物价水平的影响。研究表明,人民币名义有效汇率变动对进口价格的传递是不完全的,当人民币名义有效汇率每变动一个百分点时,进口价格指数仅变化0.22个百分点;人民币名义有效汇率与国内物价水平存在负相关性,这与以往的研究结论恰好相反,对此,本文从人民币升值预期和人民币均衡汇率两个视角作了解释;全球商品价格指数并非影响我国国内物价水平的最重要因素,我国经济体具备较强的抵御外来冲击的能力。     

国内价格的汇率传递性——基于VAR模型的实证研究

本文利用VAR模型研究了我国国内价格的汇率传递性。VAR模型的脉冲反应函数显示,存在人民币汇率对国内价格的不完全传递性,但是,传递弹性极低,进口价格指数的汇率传递弹性要强于消费价格指数的汇率传递弹性,且进口价格指数向消费价格指数传导逐渐衰减。因此,通过汇率升值来抑制通胀效果并不理想,从紧的货币政策才是医治通胀的良药。     

G-3汇率波动对中国进口商品价格的影响

文章研究了1991-2008年期间G-3汇率的波动,欧元/美元的波动与日元/美元的波动对中国进口商品价格的影响.检验结果证明,欧元/美元汇率的波动对中国进口商品价格的影响并不显著,相比之下,日元/美元之间汇率的波动较为明显,这与以往研究有所不同.此外,国外产品生产价格和中国国内收入也会对中国进口商品价格产生不同程度的影响.因此,中国应多管齐下,以应对G-3汇率波动及国外产品价格的变化等因素带来的影响.     

我国进口汇率传递的商品异质性——基于中美贸易高度分解数据的测算

本文基于高度分解的商品单价和成本数据构建面板模型,通过对18个我国从美国进口商品组合计229种HS八位数编码商品的研究,证实进口汇率传递的商品异质性显著.按照Lall(2000)的方法将商品归类后进一步发现,汇率不完全传递的商品组均为资源密集和低技术制成品,研究时间段内此类商品具有成本上升和需求刚性的特点,人民币升值并没能带来此类进口商品价格的等比例下降;完全(或过度)传递的商品组则均为中高技术制造业商品,成本变化稳定或呈下降趋势,需求更富弹性,进口价格下降与人民币升值幅度相当.研究还发现2005年7月汇率制度改革后,进口商品价格的汇率传递率小幅上升,说明汇率波动性加大后厂商更积极地调整其商品报价.     

我国进口汇率传递的商品异质性

本文基于高度分解的商品单价和成本数据构建面板模型,通过对18个我国从美国进口商品组合计229种HS八位数编码商品的研究,证实进口汇率传递的商品异质性显著。按照Lall（2000）的方法将商品归类后进一步发现,汇率不完全传递的商品组均为资源密集和低技术制成品,研究时间段内此类商品具有成本上升和需求刚性的特点,人民币升值并没能带来进口商品价格的等比例下降;完全（或过度）传递的商品组则均为中高技术制造业商品,成本变化稳定或呈下降趋势,需求更富弹性,进口价格下降与人民币升值幅度相当。研究还发现2005年7月汇率制度改革后,进口商品价格的汇率传递率小幅上升,说明汇率波动性加大后厂商更积极地调整其商品报价。     

Exchange Rate Pass-through in a Small Open Economy: the Importance of the Distribution Sector

The degree of exchange rate pass-through to domestic goods prices has important implications for monetary policy in small open economies with floating exchange rates. Evidence indicates that pass-through is faster to import prices than to consumer prices. Price setting behaviour in the distribution sector is suggested as one important explanation. If distribution costs and trade margins are important price components of imported consumer goods, adjustment of import prices and consumer prices to exchange rate movements may differ. We present evidence on these issues for Norway by estimating a cointegrated VAR model for the pricing behaviour in the distribution sector, paying particular attention to exchange rate channels likely to operate through trade margins. Embedding this model into a large scale macroeconometric model of the Norwegian economy, which inter alia includes the pricing-to-market hypothesis and price-wage and wage-wage spirals between industries, we find exchange rate pass-through to be quite rapid to import prices and fairly slow to consumer prices. We show the importance of the pricing behaviour in the distribution sector in that trade margins act as cushions to exchange rate fluctuations, thereby delaying pass-through significantly to consumer prices. A forecasting exercise demonstrates that exchange rate pass-through to trade margins has not changed in the wake of the financial crises and the switch to inflation targeting. We also find significant inflationary effects of exchange rate changes even in the short run, an insight important for inflation targeting central banks.     

美元汇率对美国进出口商品价格传递率的实证分析

本文实证分析了美元汇率按美国总进出口价格、分段进出口价格、分类商品进出口价格的传递率。实证结果表明,无论美元升值还是贬值,美国的进出口价格指数都会下降,而且美国出口价格的传递率比同期进口价格的传递率要小得多,升值期的传递率也比贬值期的传递率要小;美元升值比贬值对美国经常账户赤字的纠正更有利。因此,建议美国实行美元适度升值的政策,而且要结合其他政策才能改善其巨额经常账户赤字。     

人民币汇率的价格传递效应研究

本文通过建立SVAR（Structure Vector Auto Regression）模型,实证研究了人民币名义有效汇率对国内进口价格、生产者价格和消费者价格的传递效应并分析了全球金融危机的爆发对汇率价格传递效应的影响。结果显示：①人民币名义有效汇率对三类价格的传递是不完全的且存在一定的时滞,在长期内,1个百分点的正...     

Vertical Trade,Exchange Rate Pass-Through,and the Exchange Rate Regime

We compare the welfare of different combinations of monetary and currency policies in an open-economy macroeconomic model that incorporates two important features of many small open economies: a high level of vertical international trade and a high degree of exchange rate pass-through. In this environment, a small economy prefers a fixed exchange rate regime over a flexible regime, while the larger economy prefers a flexible exchange rate regime. There are two main causes underlying our results. First, in the presence of sticky prices, relative prices adjust through changes in the exchange rate. Multiple stages of production and trade make it more difficult for one exchange rate to balance the whole economy by adjusting several relative prices simultaneously throughout the vertical chain of production and trade. More specifically, there is a tradeoff between delivering an efficient relative price between home and foreign final goods and delivering an efficient relative price between home and foreign intermediate goods. Second, because the small economy faces a high degree of exchange rate pass-through under a flexible regime, it suffers from a lack of efficient relative prices in vertical trade. The larger economy, however, does not face this problem because its level of exchange rate pass-through is low.     

Tariff and exchange rate pass-through for Chinese exports: A firm-level analysis across customs regimes

We examine whether a firm's import content share differentially affects the degree of tariff and exchange rate pass-through into its export prices. Our pricing-to-market model suggests that a firm's import content share negatively affects the degree of exchange rate pass-through but does not affect the degree of tariff pass-through. Using firm-level data for Chinese exporting firms during the period 2000–2006, we find evidence of an almost complete exchange rate pass-through. As expected, when we distinguish firms by their trade regime, processing-trade firms, especially pure-assembly firms which tend to have higher import-content share, have a lower exchange rate pass-through than ordinary trade firms. We find no evidence that the tariff pass-through differs across the various trade regimes.     

Implications of Exchange Rate Pass-Through and Nontradable Goods for International Policy Cooperation

This paper investigates the welfare consequences of international policy cooperation by simultaneously introducing the following three elements in a standard two-country general equilibrium model: (i) general degrees of exchange rate pass-through, (ii) nontradable goods and their sector-specific productivity shocks, and (iii) general weights on goods in Cobb–Douglas consumption indices. There are two channels for possible mutual welfare gains from policy cooperation: First, cooperation can compensate for insufficient changes in the terms of trade when the degree of exchange rate pass-through is intermediate. Second, countries can cooperate in reaction to shocks in the nontradable goods sectors. This second channel is revealed by deriving an analytical condition for welfare gains under full pass-through and this condition is characterized by the weights in the consumption indices and the variances of sector-specific productivity shocks. Numerical evaluation demonstrates that when the two countries are symmetric and equal weights on consumption goods are assumed, welfare gains from cooperation increase as symmetric pass-through elasticity increases, which implies that the second channel dominates the first, whose effect on welfare gains is nonmonotonic in pass-through elasticity.     

Asymmetric effects of the exchange rate on domestic corporate goods prices

This paper empirically examines whether there are asymmetric effects of the exchange rate on domestic corporate goods prices when the exchange rate is more volatile. To identify different volatilities in the exchange rate, we employ a threshold regression model. In other words, we define exchange rate volatility as a threshold variable. By using monthly data from Japan, we estimate a threshold parameter and calculate its confidence interval by following Hansen (2000). The results substantiate that the degree of exchange rate pass-through to the aggregated corporate goods price index is higher and more gradually adjusted in a higher exchange rate volatility regime. Furthermore, such asymmetric relationships are clearly found in three disaggregated corporate goods prices: petroleum and coal products, nonferrous metals, and chemicals and related products.     

Exchange Rate Pass-through,Unemployment and Optimal Implementable Monetary Policy Rule for Emerging Economies

Abstract

This paper develops a small open economy model with nominal rigidities and search-matching frictions to study the implications of exchange rate pass-through for monetary policy in emerging countries. I find that, with complete exchange rate pass-through, the optimal policy rule features unemployment targeting as well as inflation targeting. However, the welfare gain from responding to unemployment fluctuations diminishes as the rate of exchange rate pass-through to import prices decreases. With low exchange rate pass-through, the optimal monetary policy is strict inflation targeting.     

Sectoral Price Movements under the Yen Appreciation

This paper analyzes the movements of tradable goods prices in Japan. The import price indices and the export price indices are matched with the domestic wholesale price indices at the most detailed level available for Japan, and the pricing behavior in the yen appreciation period (1985–1995) is examined. In the import-side analysis, we investigate how far the price movements under currency appreciation deviate from the law of one price. We find that internal–external price differentials have surprisingly expanded for most of the products since 1985. For a number of commodities, the import prices do not decline as far as the exchange rate appreciates, and the domestic wholesale prices do not decrease as far as the import prices decline. Although the expanded price gaps cannot necessarily be interpreted as a result of deliberate trade barriers, they suggest that some sort of handicap is imposed on imported goods and the large fraction of rent generated by the yen appreciation is intercepted in the middle. In the export-side analysis, the relationship between the globalization of firms' activities and export pass-through is investigated. Our cross-sectional regression analysis indicates that the export path-through rates tend to be low when the value added ratios of foreign production of Japanese firms are high. Low export pass-through under currency appreciation is often interpreted as a result of firms' attempts to keep their foreign market share, but the globalization of firms' activities may be another important factor in lowering the pass-through.J. Japan Int. Econ.,December 1997,11(4), pp. 611–641. Department of Economics, Keio University, 2-15-45 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108, Japan.